A History of the Japanese People Part 60

Hojo Ujimasa (1538-1590)

Oda n.o.bunaga (1534-1582)

Toyotomi Hideyos.h.i.+ (1536-1598)

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616)

The second of the above, Uesugi Kens.h.i.+n, was not member of the great Uesugi family which took such an important part in the affairs of the Kwanto. He belonged to the Nagao, which originally stood in a relation of va.s.salage to the Yamanouchi branch of the Uesugi in Echigo, and his father attained an independent position. Kagetora, as Kens.h.i.+n was called in his youth, found himself engaged in his twenty-first year in a contest with his elder brother, whom he killed, and, by way of penance for the fratricide, he took the tonsure under the name of Kens.h.i.+n and would have retired from the world had not his generals insisted on his remaining in command. It was at this time that Kens.h.i.+n became a member of the Uesugi sept. In 1505, the two branches of the Kwanto Uesugi joined hands against their common enemy, Hojo Soun, and from that time the contest was continued until 1551, when Ujiyasu, grandson of Soun, drove Uesugi Norimasa from his castle of Hirai in Kotsuke. The vanquished general fled to Echigo to seek succour from his family's old-time va.s.sal, Nagao Kagetora, already renowned under the name of Kens.h.i.+n. Norimasa bestowed the office of kwanryo as well as the uji of Uesugi on Kens.h.i.+n, who thenceforth became known as Uesugi Kens.h.i.+n, and who thus const.i.tuted himself the foe of the Hojo. At a somewhat earlier date, Kens.h.i.+n had been similarly supplicated by Murakami Yos.h.i.+kiyo, whose castle was at Kuzuo in s.h.i.+nano, whence he had been driven by Takeda s.h.i.+ngen.

ENGRAVING: UESUGI KENs.h.i.+N

It thus fell out that Uesugi Kens.h.i.+n had for enemies the two captains of highest renown in his era, Hojo Ujimasa and Takeda s.h.i.+ngen. This order of antagonism had far-reaching effects. For Kens.h.i.+n's ambition was to become master of the whole Kwanto, under pretence of re-establis.h.i.+ng the original Uesugi, but his expansion southward from Echigo was barred by s.h.i.+ngen in s.h.i.+nano and Kai, and his expansion eastward by the Hojo in Sagami and Musas.h.i.+. The place of the struggle between s.h.i.+ngen-and Kens.h.i.+n was Kawanaka-jima, an arena often pictured by artists of later generations and viewed to-day by pilgrims to the venerable temple, Zenko-ji. There the two generals, recognized as the two greatest strategists of that epoch, met four times in fierce strife, and though a j.a.panese historian compares the struggle to the eruption of volcanoes or the blowing of gales of blood, victory never rested on either standard.

ENGRAVING: TAKEDA s.h.i.+NGEN

Peace having been at length restored for a moment, in 1558, Kens.h.i.+n visited Kyoto in the following year. There he was received with distinction. The Emperor--Okimachi--bestowed on him a sword, and the shogun, Yos.h.i.+teru, ent.i.tled him to incorporate the ideograph "teru"

in his name, which was thus changed from Kagetora to Terutora. He was also granted the office of kwanryo. On his return to Echigo, Kens.h.i.+n proceeded to a.s.sert his new t.i.tle. Mustering an army said to have been 110,000 strong, he attacked the Hojo in Odawara. But Ujiyasu would not be tempted into the open. He remained always behind the ramparts, and, in the meanwhile incited s.h.i.+ngen to invade Echigo, so that Kens.h.i.+n had to raise the siege of Odawara and hasten to the defence of his home province. There followed another indecisive battle at Kawanaka-jima, and thereafter renewed attacks upon the Hojo, whose expulsion from the Kwanto devolved on Kens.h.i.+n as kwanryo.

But the results were always vague: the Hojo refrained from final resistance, and s.h.i.+ngen created a diversion. The chief sufferers were the provinces of the Kwanto, a scene of perpetual battle. In the end, after Etchu and Kotsuke had been brought under Kens.h.i.+n's sway, peace was concluded between him and the Hojo, and he turned his full strength against his perennial foe, s.h.i.+ngen. But at this stage the situation was entirely changed by the appearance of Oda n.o.bunaga on the scene, as will be presently narrated. It is recorded that, on the eve of his death, s.h.i.+ngen advised his son to place himself and his domains in Kens.h.i.+n's keeping, for, said he, "Kens.h.i.+n now stands unrivalled, and Kens.h.i.+n will never break faith with you;" and it is recorded of Kens.h.i.+n that when he heard of s.h.i.+ngen's death, he shed tears and exclaimed, "Would that the country had such another hero!"*

*The present Count Uesugi is descended from Kens.h.i.+n.

THE IMAGAWA, THE KITABATAKE, THE SAITO, AND THE ODA FAMILIES

The Imagawa, a branch of the As.h.i.+kaga, served as the latter's bulwark in Suruga province during many generations. In the middle of the sixteenth century the head of the family was Yos.h.i.+moto. His sway extended over the three provinces of Suruga, Totomi, and Mikawa, which formed the littoral between Owari Bay and the Izu promontory.

On the opposite side of Owari Bay lay Ise province, the site of the princ.i.p.al s.h.i.+nto shrine and the original domain of the Taira family, where, too, the remnants of the Southern Court had their home. Its hereditary governor was a Kitabatake, and even after the union of the two Courts that great family, descendants of the immortal historian and philosopher, Chikafusa, continued to exercise sway. But, in 1560, discord among the chief retainers of the sept furnished a pretext for the armed intervention of Oda n.o.bunaga, who invested his son, n.o.bukatsu, with the rights of government. On the northern littoral of Owari Bay, and therefore separating Ise and Mikawa, was situated the province of Owari, which, in turn, opened on the north into Mino. In this latter province the Doki family was destroyed by the Saito, and these in turn were crushed by the Oda, in 1561, who, from their headquarters in Owari, shattered the Imagawa of Mikawa and the Saito in Mino, thereafter sweeping over Ise.

THE ROKKAKU, THE ASAI, THE ASAKURA, AND THE HATAKEYAMA FAMILIES

The province of Omi had special importance as commanding the approaches to Kyoto from the east. Hence it became the scene of much disturbance, in which the Hosokawa, the Kyogoku, the Rokkaku, and the Asai families all took part. Finally, in the middle of the sixteenth century, the Asai gained the ascendancy by obtaining the a.s.sistance of the Asakura of Echizen. This latter province, conterminous with the north of Omi, was originally under the control of the s.h.i.+ba family, but the Asakura subsequently obtained the office of high constable, and acquired a great access of power at the time of the Ikko revolt by driving the turbulent priests from the province. At that era, or a little later, the provinces of Kii, Kawachi, Izumi, and Yamato were all the scenes of fierce fighting, but the pages of history need not be burdened with details of the clash of purely private ambitions.

THE MORI AND THE AMAKO FAMILIES

The Ouchi family was very powerfully situated. Descended from a Korean Crown Prince who migrated to j.a.pan early in the seventh century, its representative, Yos.h.i.+oki (1477-1528), controlled the southern provinces of the main island--Iwami, Aki, Suwo, and Nagato--as well as the two northern provinces of Kyushu--Chikuzen and Buzen. This was the chieftain who, in 1508, marched to Kyoto at the head of a great army, and restored the As.h.i.+kaga shogun Yos.h.i.+tane, himself receiving the office of kwanryo. Eleven years later, on his return to the south, he was followed by many n.o.bles from Kyoto, and his chief provincial town, Yamaguchi, on the s.h.i.+monoseki Strait, prospered greatly. But his son Yos.h.i.+taka proved a weakling, and being defeated by his va.s.sal, Suye Harukata--called also Zenkyo--he committed suicide, having conjured another va.s.sal, Mori Motonari, to avenge him.

ENGRAVING: MORI MOTONARI

The Mori family* had for ancestor the great statesman and legislator of Yoritomo's time, Oye Hiromoto, and its representative, Motonari (1497-1571), had two sons scarcely inferior to himself in strategical ability, Kikkawa Motoharu and Kohayakawa Takakage. A commission having been obtained from Kyoto, Motonari took the field in 1555, and with only three thousand men succeeded, by a daring feat, in shattering Harukata with twenty thousand. Thus far, Mori Motonari had obeyed the behest of his late chief. But thereafter he made no attempt to restore the Ouchi family. On the contrary, he relentlessly prosecuted the campaign against Suye Harukata, with whom was a.s.sociated Ouchi Yos.h.i.+naga, representing the Ouchi house by adoption, until ultimately Yos.h.i.+naga committed suicide and, the Ouchi family becoming extinct, Motonari succeeded to all its domains.

*Now represented by Prince Mori.

At that time the province of Izumo, which is conterminous with Iwami along its western frontier, was under the control of the high constable, Amako Tsunehisa (1458-1540), who, profiting by the fall of the great Yamana sept, had obtained possession of the provinces Bingo and Hoki as well as of the Oki Islands. This daimyo was a puissant rival of the Ouchi family, and on the downfall of the latter he soon came into collision with Mori Motonari. Tsunehisa's grandson, Yos.h.i.+hisa (1545-1610), inherited this feud, which ended with the extinction of the Amako family and the absorption of its domains by the Mori, the latter thus becoming supreme in no less than thirteen provinces of the Sanyo-do and the Sanin-do.

THE MIYOs.h.i.+, THE ICHIJO, THE CHOSOKABE, AND THE KONO FAMILIES

With the island of s.h.i.+koku (four provinces) are connected the names of the Hosokawa, the Miyos.h.i.+, the Ichijo, the Chosokabe, and the Kono families. Early in the fourteenth century, the celebrated Hosokawa Yoriyuki was banished to Sanuki, and in the middle of the fifteenth century we find nearly the whole of the island under the sway of Hosokawa Katsumoto. Then, in the Daiei era (1521-1528), the Miyos.h.i.+, va.s.sals of the Hosokawa, came upon the scene in Awa. From 1470 to 1573, the province of Tosa was governed by the Ichijo, but, in the latter year, Motochika, head of the Chosokabe, one of the seven va.s.sal families of the Ichijo, usurped the province, and then received orders from Oda n.o.bunaga to conquer the other three provinces of the island in the interests of n.o.bunaga's son. Motochika obeyed, but on the death of n.o.bunaga and his son he const.i.tuted himself master of s.h.i.+koku until Hideyos.h.i.+ deprived him of all save Tosa. From 1156 to 1581 the Kono family held the province of Iyo, but there is nothing of historical interest in their career.

THE DAIMYO IN KYUSHU

Connected with Kyushu are the families of Shoni, Otomo, Ryuzoji, Kikuchi and s.h.i.+mazu. The term "shoni" originally signified vice-governor. Its first bearer was Muto Sukeyori (Fujiwara), who received the commission of Dazai no shoni from Minamoto Yoritomo.

Subsequently it became a family name, and the Shoni are found fighting against the Mongol invaders; stoutly supporting the Southern Court; pa.s.sing over to the side of the As.h.i.+kaga, and losing their places in history after the suicide of Tokihisa (1559), who had suffered repeated defeats at the hands of the Ryuzoji.

The Otomo family was a branch of the Fujiwara. One of its members, Nakahara Chikayos.h.i.+, received from Minamoto Yoritomo the office of high constable of the Dazai-fu, and to his son, Yos.h.i.+nao, was given the uji of Otomo, which, as the reader knows, belonged originally to Michi no Omi, a general of the Emperor Jimmu. In Kyushu, the Otomo espoused the cause of the Northern Court, and made themselves masters of Buzen, Bungo, Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, and Higo. In 1396, the head of the family--Chikayo--held the office of tandai of Kyushu.

Yos.h.i.+s.h.i.+ge, commonly called Sorin (1530-1587), fought successfully with the Kikuchi and the Akizuki, and the closing years of his life were devoted to a futile struggle against the s.h.i.+mazu, the Ryuzoji, and the Akizuki. He escaped disaster by obtaining succour from Hideyos.h.i.+, but the Otomo domain was reduced to the single province of Bungo.

The Ryuzoji first appear in history as va.s.sals of the Shoni, under whose banner they fought against the Otomo, in 1506. Subsequently they became independent and established a stronghold in Hizen, which province was granted to them in fief by Hideyos.h.i.+.

The Kikuchi, a branch of the Fujiwara, held office in Kyushu from the tenth century. They are chiefly noteworthy for their gallant defence of the cause of the Southern Court. After many vicissitudes the family disappeared from history in the middle of the sixteenth century.

The ancestor of the s.h.i.+mazu family was Tadahisa, an illegitimate son of Minamoto Yoritomo. His mother, to escape the resentment of Yoritomo's wife, Masa, fled to Kyushu, and Tadahisa, having been named governor of Satsuma, proceeded thither, in 1196, and by conquest added to it the two provinces, Hyuga and Osumi. The s.h.i.+mazu family emerged victorious from all campaigns until Hideyos.h.i.+ in person took the field against them, as will be presently related.*

*The family is now represented by Prince s.h.i.+mazu.

THE O-U REGION

The 0-U region (Mutsu-Dewa) was the home of many septs which fought among themselves for supremacy. Of these the most influential were the Mogami of Yamagata, the Date of Yonezawa, and the As.h.i.+na of Aizu.

In the extreme north were the Nambu who, however, lived too remote from the political centres to occupy historical attention. The Date maintained friendly relations with the As.h.i.+kaga, and Harumune was nominated tandai of Oshu by the shogun Yos.h.i.+haru, of whose name one ideograph (haru) was given to the Date chief. The family attained its greater distinction in the time of Masamune (1566-1636), and was fortunate in being able to stand aloof from some of the internecine strife of the sixteenth century. Nevertheless, the region was sufficiently disturbed. Thus, the Tsugaru and the Nambu struggled in the north, while the Date, further north, shattered the power of the Nikaido, the Nihonmatsu, the As.h.i.+na, and the Tamura, or fought less decisively against the Satake (of Hitachi), and in Ushu (Dewa) the Mogami were confronted by the Uesugi of Echigo.

DATE MASAMUNE

The most renowned of the Date family was Masamune, who to great military skill added artistic instincts and considerable poetic ability. Tradition has handed down some incidents which ill.u.s.trate the ethics of that time as well as the character of the man. It is stated that Masamune came into possession of a scroll on which were inscribed a hundred selected poems copied by the celebrated Fujiwara Ietaka. Of this anthology Masamune was much enamoured, for the sake alike of its contents and of its calligraphy. But learning accidentally that the scroll had been p.a.w.ned to the merchant from whom he had obtained it, he inst.i.tuted inquiries as to its owner, and ultimately restored the scroll to him with the addition of five gold ryo. The owner was a knight-errant (ronin) named Imagawa Motome, who thereafter entered Masamune's service and ultimately rose to be a general of infantry (as.h.i.+garu). The sympathy which taught Masamune to estimate the pain with which the owner of the scroll must have parted with it was a fine trait of character. Another incident in this remarkable man's career happened at an entertainment where he accidentally trod on the robe of one Kanematsu, a va.s.sal of the Tokugawa. Enraged by an act of carelessness which amounted almost to a deliberate insult, Kanematsu struck Masamune, A commotion at once arose, the probable outcome being that Masamune would return the blow with his sword. But he remained pertly cool, making no remark except that he had been paid for his want of care, and that, at any rate, Kanematsu was not an adversary worthy of his resentment.

THE FIVE CENTRES

Among the welter of warring regions glanced at above, five sections detach themselves as centres of disturbance. The first is the Court in Kyoto and the Muromachi Bakufu, where the Hosokawa, the Miyos.h.i.+, and the Matsunaga deluged the streets with blood and reduced the city to ashes. The second is the Hojo of Odawara, who compa.s.sed the destruction of the kubo at Koga and of the two original Uesugi families. The third is Takeda of Kai, who struggled on one side with the Uesugi of Echigo and on the other with the Imagawa of Suruga. The fourth is Oda n.o.bunaga, who escorted the shogun to the capital. And the fifth is the great Mori family, who, after crus.h.i.+ng the Ouchi and the Amako, finally came into collision with the armies of Oda under the leaders.h.i.+p of Hideyos.h.i.+.

ENGRAVING: "EMA" (Pictures Painted on Wood, Especially of Horses, Hung up in the Temple as Motive Offerings)

ENGRAVING: ODA n.o.bUNAGA

CHAPTER x.x.xIV

n.o.bUNAGA, HIDEYOs.h.i.+, AND IEYASU

ODA n.o.bUNAGA

WHEN the Taira sept was shattered finally at Dan-no-ura, a baby grandson of Kiyomori was carried by its mother to the hamlet of Tsuda, in Omi province. Subsequently this child, Chikazane, was adopted by a s.h.i.+nto official of Oda, in Echizen, and thus acquired the name of Oda. For generations the family served uneventfully at the shrine in Omi, but in the disturbed days of the As.h.i.+kaga shoguns, the representative of the eighth generation from Chikazane emerged from the obscurity of s.h.i.+nto services and was appointed steward (karo) of the s.h.i.+ba family, which appointment involved removal of his residence to Owari. From that time the fortunes of the family became brighter. n.o.buhide, its representative at the beginning of the sixteenth century, acquired sufficient power to dispute the Imagawa's sway over the province of Mikawa, and sufficient wealth to contribute funds to the exhausted coffers of the Court in Kyoto.

This man's son was n.o.bunaga. Born in 1534, and destined to bequeath to his country a name that will never die, n.o.bunaga, as a boy, showed much of the eccentricity of genius. He totally despised the canons of the time as to costume and etiquette. One of his peculiarities was a love of long swords, and it is related that on a visit to Kyoto in his youth he carried in his girdle a sword which trailed on the ground as he walked. Rough and careless, without any apparent dignity, he caused so much solicitude to his tutor and guardian, Hirate Masahide, and showed so much indifference to the latter's remonstrances, that finally Masahide had recourse to the faithful va.s.sal's last expedient--he committed suicide, leaving a letter in which the explanation of his act was accompanied by a stirring appeal to the better instincts of his pupil and ward. This proved the turning-point in n.o.bunaga's career. He became as circ.u.mspect as he had previously been careless, and he subsequently erected to the memory of his brave monitor a temple which may be seen to this day by visitors to Nagoya.

It is frequently said of n.o.bunaga that his indifference to detail and his lack of patience were glaring defects in his moral endowment. But that accusation can scarcely be reconciled with facts. Thus, when still a young man, it is related of him that he summoned one of his va.s.sals to his presence but, giving no order, allowed the man to retire. This was repeated with two others, when the third, believing that there must be something in need of care, looked about attentively before retiring, and observing a piece of torn paper on the mats, took it up and carried it away. n.o.bunaga recalled him, eulogized his intelligence, and declared that men who waited scrupulously for instructions would never accomplish much. The faculties of observation and initiation were not more valued by n.o.bunaga than those of honesty and modesty. It is recorded that on one occasion he summoned all the officers of his staff, and showing them a sword by a famous maker, promised to bestow it upon the man who should guess most correctly the number of threads in the silk frapping of the hilt. All the officers wrote down their guesses with one exception, that of Mori Rammaru. Asked for the reason of his abstention, Mori replied that he happened to know the exact number of threads, having counted them on a previous occasion when admiring the sword. Nubunaga at once placed the weapon in his hands, thus recognizing his honesty. Again, after the construction of the famous castle at Azuchi, to which reference will be made hereafter, n.o.bunaga, desiring to have a record compiled in commemoration of the event, asked a celebrated priest, Sakugen, to undertake the composition and penning of the doc.u.ment. Sakugen declared the task to be beyond his literary ability, and recommended that it should be entrusted to his rival, Nankwa. n.o.bunaga had no recourse but to adopt this counsel, and Nankwa performed the task admirably, as the doc.u.ment, which is still in existence, shows. In recognition of this success, n.o.bunaga gave the compiler one hundred pieces of silver, but at the same time bestowed two hundred on Sakugen for his magnanimity in recommending a rival.

n.o.bunaga unquestionably had the gift of endearing himself to his retainers, though there are records which show that he was subject to outbursts of fierce anger. Even his most trusted generals were not exempt from bitter words or even blows, and we shall presently see that to this fault in his character was approximately due his tragic end. Nevertheless, he did not lack the faculty of pity. On the occasion of a dispute between two of his va.s.sals about the boundaries of a manor, the defeated litigant bribed one of n.o.bunaga's princ.i.p.al staff-officers to appeal for reversal of the judgment. This officer adduced reasons of a sufficiently specious character, but n.o.bunaga detected their fallacy, and appeared about to take some precipitate action when he happened to observe the wrinkles which time had written on the suppliant's face. He recovered his sang-froid and contented himself with sending the officer from his presence and subsequently causing to be handed to him a couplet setting forth the evils of bribery and corruption. He forgave the guilty man in consideration of his advanced age, and the incident is said to have closed with the suicide of the old officer. Frugality was another trait of n.o.bunaga's character. But he did not save money for money's sake. He spent with lavish hand when the occasion called for munificence; as when he contributed a great sum for the rebuilding of the Ise shrines. Perhaps nothing const.i.tutes a better clue to his disposition than the verses he habitually quoted:

Life is short; the world is a mere dream to the idle.

Only the fool fears death, for what is there of life that does Not die once, sooner or later?

Man has to die once and once only; He should make his death glorious.