A Handbook of the English Language Part 7

11. Give the localities of the Old Saxons, and the Northalbingians.

Investigate the area occupied by the Anglo-Saxons.

12. What is the present population of the Dutch province of Friesland? What its language? What the dialects and stages of that language?

13. What was the language of the Asega-bog, the Heliand, Beowulf, Hildubrand and Hathubrant, the Carolinian Psalms, the Gospels of Ulphilas, and the poems of Gysbert j.a.picx?

14. Make a map of Ancient Germany and Scandinavia according to languages and dialects of those two areas. Exhibit, in a tabular form, the languages of the Gothic stock. Explain the meaning of the words _Gothic_, and _Mso-Gothic_, and _Platt-Deutsch_.

15. a.n.a.lyze the Scandinavian forms _Solen_, _Bordet_, and _brennast_.

16. Exhibit the difference between the _logical_ and the _historical_ a.n.a.lysis of a language.

17. What are the Celtic names for the _English language_?

18. Enumerate the chief Germanic populations connected by ancient writers with the _Angles_, stating the Ethnological relations of each, and noticing the extent to which they coincide with those of the Angles.

19. What are the reasons for believing that there is a _Frisian_ element in the population of England?

20. Exhibit, in a tabular form, the languages and dialects of the Celtic stock. To which division did the Gallic of ancient Gaul, and the Pict belong? Support the answer by reasons. What were the relations of the Picts to the Gaelic inhabitants of Scotland? What to the Lowland Scotch? What to the Belgae?

21. Explain the following words--_petorritum_, _pempedula_, _candetum_, _Epona_, _Nantuates_, _peann fahel_ and _Bernicia_. What inferences do you draw from the derivation of them?

22. Exhibit, in a tabular form, the languages and dialects of the Cla.s.sical stock.

23. What is the bearing of the statements of Tacitus and other ancient writers respecting the following Germanic populations upon the ethnological relations of the Angles,--Aviones, Reudigni, Suevi, Langobardi, Frisii, Varini?

24. What is meant by the following terms, Provencal, Langue d'Oc, Langue d'Oyl, Limousin, and Norman-French?

25. What languages, besides the Celtic and Latin, enter into the composition of the French?

PART II.

HISTORY AND a.n.a.lYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER I.

HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

-- 70. The Celtic elements of the present English fall into five cla.s.ses.

1. Those that are of late introduction, and cannot be called original and const.i.tuent parts of the language. Some of such are the words _flannel_, _crowd_ (a fiddle), from the Cambrian; and _kerne_ (an Irish foot-soldier), _galore_ (enough), _tartan_, _plaid_, &c., from the Gaelic branch.

2. Those that are originally common to both the Celtic and Gothic stocks.

Some of such are _brother_, _mother_, in Celtic _brathair_, _mathair_; the numerals, &c.

3. Those that have come to us from the Celtic, but have come to us through the medium of another language. Some of such are _druid_ and _bard_, whose _immediate_ source is, not the Celtic but the Latin.

4. Celtic elements of the Anglo-Norman, introduced into England after the Conquest, and occurring in that language as remains of the original Celtic of Gaul.

5. Those that have been retained from the original Celtic of the island, and which form genuine const.i.tuents of our language. These fall into three subdivisions.

a. Proper names--generally of geographical localities; as _the Thames_, _Kent_, &c.

b. Common names retained in the provincial dialects of England, but not retained in the current language; as _gwethall_ = _household stuff_, and _gwlanen_ = _flannel_ in Herefords.h.i.+re.

c. Common names retained in the current language.--The following list is Mr. Garnett's:--

_Welsh._ _English._

Basgawd _Basket_.

Berfa _Barrow_.

Botwm _b.u.t.ton_.

Bran _Bran_.

Clwt _Clout_, _Rag_.

Crochan _Crockery_.

Crog _Crook_, _Hook_.

Cwch _c.o.c.k_, in _c.o.c.k-boat_.

Cwysed _Gusset_.

Cyl, Cyln _Kiln_ (_Kill_, provinc.).

Dantaeth _Dainty_.

Darn _Darn_.

Deentur _Tenter_, in _Tenterhook_.

Fflaim _Fleam_, _Cattle-lancet_.

Fflaw _Flaw_.

Ffynnell (air-hole) _Funnel_.

Gefyn (fetter) _Gyve_.

Greidell _Grid_ in _Gridiron_.

Grual _Gruel_.

Gwald (hem, border) _Welt_.

Gwiced (little door) _Wicket_.

Gwn _Gown_.

Gwyfr _Wire_.

Masg (st.i.tch in netting) _Mesh_.

Mattog _Mattock_.

Mop _Mop_.

Rhail (fence) _Rail_.

Rhashg (slice) _Rasher_.

Rhuwch _Rug_.

Sawduriaw _Solder_.

Syth (glue) _Size_.

Tacl _Tackle_.

-- 71. _Latin of the first period._--Of the Latin introduced by Caesar and his successors, the few words remaining are those that relate to military affairs; viz. _street_ (_strata_); -coln (as in _Lincoln_ = _Lindi colonia_); -cest- (as in _Gloucester_ = _glevae castra_) from _castra_. The Latin words introduced between the time of Caesar and Hengist may be called the _Latin of the first period_, or the _Latin of the Celtic period_.