Terrestrial and Celestial Globes Volume I Part 11

Antverp, 1530.'[217] It seems probable that this was issued to serve as explanatory text for a globe or globes he had constructed or was preparing to construct. In it we have one of the earliest technical yet practical explanations of the parts and uses of the globe, and a somewhat detailed statement how such instruments may be serviceably employed in cosmographical studies. On the t.i.tle-page there appears the representation of a globe resting on a base having three feet, which has been thought to be a representation of his completed work.[218] We are told in his 'Epistola salutatoria,' at least in an implied manner, that there were to be numerous copies of the globes, seeing that they were intended for the trade, and Roscelli's statement would lead us to believe that they had found their way into Italy. All copies, however, appear to have been lost until a few years since, when both a terrestrial and a celestial globe of Frisius' making was found in the Gymnasium Francisceum of Zerbst, to which discovery a very considerable interest and importance attaches. In a paper read before the International Congress of Americanists in 1904, Dr. W. Walter Ruge, all too briefly, describes them, from which paper the following information is taken.[219]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 51. Portrait of Gemma Frisius.]

The terrestrial globe, he notes, is not well preserved, being in certain parts so injured as to render the inscriptions illegible; but in this fact he, however, finds a certain compensation, as these injuries are of such character as to disclose the manner of construction. The globe ball, he finds, consists of two hemispheres of papier-mache 3 mm. in thickness over which is a layer of plaster 1 mm. in thickness. On the smooth surface thus furnished the twelve gores of which the map is composed had been pasted, these gores extending from pole to pole.[220]

Though undated, the following inscription gives information concerning the map maker and the engravers. "Gemma Frisius Medicus ac Mathematicus ex varijs descripsit geographicorum observationibus, atque in hanc formam redegit; Gerardus Mercator Rupelmunda.n.u.s coelavit c.u.m Caspare a Myrica, cui et sumptibus permaximis et laboribus nequaquam minoribus opus constat." "Gemma Frisius, physician and mathematician, made (this globe) from the various observations of geographers, and fas.h.i.+oned it in this form. Gerhard Mercator of Rupelmunde with Caspar Miracus engraved (it) and expended on the work a large sum and no little labor."

Frisius appears in this legend as the maker of the map, with Mercator and Myrica as the engravers. The date of construction is not given, but it clearly does not belong to the issue of 1530 referred to above. We read, for example, along the west coast of South America such names as "Tumbes," "tangara siue s. michaelis," and "Turicarami fluvius," and find that this west coast is sketched as far as lat.i.tude 5 degrees south. S. Michaelis was founded in 1532, and information concerning Pizarro's discoveries probably did not reach Europe until 1534. Europe has still many of the Ptolemaic features, as has also the continent of Asia. North America, which is rather better drawn than on any of the earlier maps, has the legend "Hispania Maior a Nuno Gusmano devicta anno 1530." The west coast becomes a very indefinite line at lat.i.tude 25 degrees north, at which point we read "Matonchel siue petra portus." It then sweeps northeastward in a flattened curve to "Baccalearum Regio"

with its "Promotoriu agricule seu cabo del labrador." From the land around the north pole, which is connected with Asia, the continent is separated by a narrow strait which is referred to as "Fretum arctic.u.m siue trium fratrum, par quod lusitani in orientem et ad Indios et Moluccas nauigare conati sunt." "The Arctic strait or the strait of the three brothers through which the Portuguese attempted to sail to the East and to the Indies and the Moluccas." No general name is given to South America, but we find such regional names as "Nw Peru Provincia"

and east of this "Bresilia." In the interior are such legends and local names as "Caxamalca fuit regis Atabaliape," "Cuzco," "Cincha," "Collao."

The nomenclature shows decided Spanish influence, as we find "la laguna poblada," "R. de los esclavos," "R. d. los furmos," "Cabo corto."

Ruge further notes the finding in the same Gymnasium of Zerbst of a celestial globe on which appears the following legend, "Faciebant Gemma Frisius medicus ac mathematicus, Gaspar a Myrica & Gerardus Mercator Rupelmunda.n.u.s anno a partu virgineo 1537." "Gemma Frisius physician and mathematician, Gaspar Myrica and Gerhard Mercator of Rupelmunde made this globe in the year 1537." A comparison of this legend with that of the terrestrial globe leads to the somewhat ingenious argument that the latter, though undated, is the older of the two. We know that Mercator was a pupil of Gemma Frisius,[221] and that after leaving his university studies he found employment with the master in draughting maps and in the construction of mathematical instruments. In the dated legend of 1537 Mercator and Myrica appear to have advanced in importance, seeing that in the undated legend they are merely referred to as the engravers, while Frisius alone is mentioned as the maker of the map. Since this discovery we are better informed as to the source of Mercator's information which he gives in his map of 1538; the evidence being conclusive that in the main he followed the records of Frisius, adapting his map, however, to the double cordiform projection.[222]

Harrisse describes a gilded copper globe, belonging to the collection of the Bibliotheque Nationale, having a diameter of 14 cm. and bearing the author and date legend reading "Robertus de Bailly 1530."[223] It is composed of two parts rather insecurely joined on the line of the equator, and is entirely without mountings. The engraving of the names, all in small capitals, has been remarkably well done. In outlining the contour of the New World the draughtsman of the map has been influenced by the Verrazanian data, and although exhibiting minor differences in details there is a striking resemblance to the map of Maiollo of 1527,[224] to that of Verrazano of 1529,[225] and to that of Ulpius of 1541.[226] The region called by Maiollo "Francesca," by Verrazano "Verrazana sive Gallia nova," by Ulpius "Verrazana sive Nova Gallia,"

Robertus calls "Verrazana." In addition we find such names as "TERRA LABORATORIS," "BACHALIAO," "LA FLORIDA," "TENUSt.i.tAN," "PARIAS," "MUNDUS NOVUS," "AMERICA," "ST. CRUSIS," "TERRA MAGELLANICA."

A second globe by Robertus de Bailly may be found in the library of Mr.

J. P. Morgan of New York City (Fig. 52). This example, signed and dated "Robertus de Bailly 1530," and acquired a few years since, may be counted one of the finest metal globes of the period. None can be referred to which is in a better state of preservation, if we can accept its mounting as the original.[227] In Rosenthal's catalogue No. 100 it is referred to as a "Verrazzano-Globus," which is clearly an error, if there was thought of ascribing it to Giovanni Verrazano, the explorer, or to his brother Hieronimus, the chart maker. The outlines of its map of the New World are clearly of Verrazanian origin (Fig. 53), which therefore give to it a particular interest and value.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 52. Terrestrial Globe of Robertas de Bailly, 1530.

Nine of twelve gores exhibiting the map.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 53. Terrestrial Globe of Robertus de Bailly, 1530.]

Harrisse, in 1896, called attention to his discovery of two globes apparently of the early fourth decade of the sixteenth century.

The first of these he refers to as a gilded copper sphere about 12 cm.

in diameter, and fas.h.i.+oned to contain the mechanism by means of which it is made to revolve. It is neither signed nor dated. At the extremity of the rod pa.s.sing through the sphere is an arrangement apparently for attachment to a second piece of mechanism, probably a planetarium. It is surrounded by a disc on which the hours are engraved in Roman numerals.

The geographical outlines are clearly of Verrazanian origin, representing the New World relatively long and narrow and having no Asiatic connection. With few exceptions the nomenclature is in the Latin language, but we read for instance "El pasaie de S. Michel" and "Rio de las Amazonas". The name "America" appears only on the southern continent, where we also find such legends as "Francisi Pizarri hoc m(onticu?) lo contra indos insignis victoria anno 1533," and off the coast of Peru "Ulterius incognitum."

The second of these globes is likewise of copper, having a diameter of 21 cm. and carries the inscription "Christoff Schiepp sculpsit.

Augusta," which is placed around a cartouch especially designed for a representation of the coat of arms of the Welser family. This family, it will be remembered, figured conspicuously in connection with the German attempt at the colonization of Venezuela. The engraved t.i.tle of the map is practically the same as that to be found on the Paris gilt globe and reads "Nova et integra universi orbis descriptio." It omits, however, the legend "Francesca" and "Verrazana sive nova Gallia," which fact may be due to its German origin. The nomenclature in Mexico and in South America is very detailed. The La Plata River, for example, as in the Gilt globe and in the Wooden globe, is called "Sinus Juliani"; the Pacific is called "Ocea.n.u.s Magnus Gelanicus." The austral land is referred to as "Terra australis nuper inventa, sed nondum plene examinata."

While the first of these globes is unmounted, Scheipp's globe is furnished with gilded meridian and horizon circle, the whole being supported by a dolphin on a plinth of ebony.

In the year 1533 Johann Schoner issued a small tract bearing the t.i.tle 'Joannis Schoneri Carolostadii Opusculum Geographic.u.m ex diversorum libris ac cartis summa cura & diligentia collectum, accomodatum ad recenter elaboratum ab eodem glob.u.m descriptiones terrenae.' 'A geographical tract of John Schoner of Carlstadt, extracted from various books and maps with much care and diligence and arranged for a recently elaborated globe, being a description of the earth.'[228] This little book was dedicated to John Frederick of Saxony "Ex urbe Norica Id.

Novembris Anno MDx.x.xIII." To it more than usual interest attaches. As the t.i.tle states, it was issued as an explanatory text for a new globe,[229] while in referring to the geography of the New World it clearly sets forth a reason for the changed notion concerning that geography, to which allusion has already been made,[230] a change from a belief in the independent position of the new lands to a belief that these lands were but a part of the continent of Asia. With reference to this point Schoner says, "Unde longissimo tractu occidentem versus ab Hispani terra est, quae Mexico et Temist.i.tan vocatur superiori India, quam priores vocavere Quinsay id est civitatem coeli eorum lingui." "By a very long circuit westward, starting from Spain, there is a land called Mexico and Temist.i.tan in Upper India, which in former times was called Quinsay, that is the city of Heaven, in the language of the country." He adds the statement, "Americus tamen Vesputius maritima loca Indiae superioris ex Hispaniis navigio ad occidentem pal.u.s.trans, eam partem que superiore Indiae est, credidit esse insulam, quam a suo nomine vocari inst.i.tituit. Alii vero nunc recentiores Hydrographi eam terram ulterius ex alia parte invenerunt esse continentem Asiae nam sic etiam ad Moluccas insulas superioris Indiae pervenerunt." "Americus Vespuccius, sailing along the coasts of Upper India, from Spain to the west, thought that the said part which is connected with Upper India, was an island which he had caused to be called after his own name. But now other hydrographers of more recent date have found that that land (South America) and others beyond const.i.tute a continent, which is Asia, and so they reached as far as the Molucca Islands in Upper India." A later pa.s.sage in this tract is likewise interesting in this connection.

After noting that America had been called the fourth part of the world he adds, "Modo vero per novissimas navigationes, factas anno post Christum 1519 per Magellanum ducem navium invictissimi Caesaris divi Caroli etc. versus Moluccas insulas, quas alii Moluquas vocant, in supremo oriente positas, eam terram invenerunt esse continentem superioris Indiae, quae pars est Asiae." "But very lately, thanks to the very recent navigations accomplished in the year 1519 A. C. by Magellan, the commander of the expedition of the invincible, the divine Charles etc. towards the Molucca Islands, which some call Maluquas which are situated in the extreme east, it has been ascertained that the said country (America) was the continent of Upper India, which is a part of Asia."

It seems very probable that the globe referred to in this tract is one of those (Figs. 54, 54a), bearing neither date nor name of maker, to be found in the Grand Ducal Library of Weimar.[231] This conclusion, it may be stated, is based upon the fact of a striking agreement between the configurations on the globe and the descriptions to be found in Schoner's tract. The date 1534, which appears on the support, is doubtless of later origin than the globe itself, just as the date 1510 inscribed on the horizon circle of the Behaim globe is known not to indicate the year in which that work was completed. Wieser expresses the conviction that this globe is an improved reproduction of the one constructed in the year 1523, and he notes the interesting fact of its configurations resembling closely those of the Orontius Finaeus map of 1531, believing that it was the latter, however, who was the borrower.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 54. Schoner's Terrestrial Globe, 1533 (Probable).]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 54a. Schoner's Celestial Globe, 1533 (Probable).]

The Schiepp globe, referred to above, appears to have been constructed for a member of the Welser family, a rich patrician of South Germany. To Raymond Fugger, likewise a South German patrician, a member of a rich banker family of Augsburg, one Martin Furtembach dedicated a terrestrial globe which he had constructed in the year 1535.[232] This date and the wording of the dedication we get from a record of the year 1565. "Viro Magnifico Dn. Raymundo Fuggero, Invictissimorum Caroli V. Imperatoris, Ferdinandi primi Regis Romanorum a Consilijs, prudentissimo, studiosorum Mecaenasi, pauperum Christi asylo cantatissimo, Martinus Furtenbachius Abusiacus, Astrophilus typum hunc Cosmographic.u.m universalem composuit atque dedicavit Anno a nato Christo M.D.x.x.xV." "To the Magnificent Dn. Raymond Fugger, most competent counselor of the most invincible Prince Charles V Emperor, and Ferdinand the First King of the Romans, a Maecenas of scholars, a most provident supporter of the poor in Christ, Martin Furtembach lover of astronomy, composed and dedicated this universal cosmographical figure, in the year of Christ 1535." This globe, which we learn was taken from the Fugger castle of Kirchbay to the Vienna Imperial Library, in what year we do not know, seems to have disappeared some time after 1734, since, as Harrisse notes, no reference to it can be found after that date. It is described as a gilt copper ball of large size and an object of real art, being "ornamented on all sides with various figures of exquisite engraving, and is supported by a figure of Atlas with his right hand holding a compa.s.s, but with the rest of his body supported by his left hand, in a stooping posture."

In addition to the globes previously referred to as belonging to the Bibliotheque Nationale, there is one supposed to have been constructed about the year 1535. It is neither signed nor dated, but is usually referred to as the Paris Wooden globe.[233] The diameter of the sphere is 20 cm. It is without the usual mountings of meridian and horizon circles but is supported by an iron rod attached to a wooden base (Fig.

55), which rod serves as an axis about which it may be revolved. A thick layer of paint covers the surface of the ball, on which the geographical names, legends, and configurations have been inscribed with a pen in a running hand. The poor calligraphy suggests that it is not the work of an expert cartographer, but of one who somewhat hastily and carelessly had undertaken to copy a globe map of the type represented in the work of Franciscus, of the maker of the Paris Gilt globe, or of Schoner in his globe of 1533. Meridians are represented at intervals of ten degrees commencing at a prime meridian which pa.s.ses through the Cape Verde Islands, while the parallels are similarly marked, the graduation being indicated on the prime meridian. The globe maker has retained in his representations the old climatic idea, of which climates there are nine specifically designated. We find on this globe such inscriptions as "Baccalarum Regio," with its neighboring "Pelagus Baccalarum," "Terra Francesca," "Hispania Major," "Terra Florida," with the Gulf of Mexico bearing the name "M. Cathayum" as in the Nancy globe. The South American continent is conspicuously marked as "America Nova Orbis Pars," and contains in addition many regional names. The western ocean, beginning with that part which washes the coast of Mexico, thence southward, is called "Mare di Sur," "Mare Culuacanum," "Mare Indic.u.m Australe," "Mare Pacific.u.m," and "Ocea.n.u.s Magellanicus." The location of the colony which was planted by Pizarro in 1532, and which is called "S. Michaelis," is made prominent.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 55. Paris Wooden Globe, 1535.]

Caspar Vopel,[234] born at Medebach near Cologne, in the year 1511, was of that group of German cartographers and globe makers active in the second quarter of the sixteenth century in giving to the general public a knowledge of the great geographical discoveries of the day. Though much of the information through the maps which they constructed was strikingly inaccurate, their work is none the less interesting to the student of historical geography. It appears that Vopel entered the University of Cologne in the year 1526, that at a later date he became a professor of mathematics in a Cologne gymnasium, and that he continued to reside in this city until his death in the year 1561. During these years he became well known as a maker of maps and globes. Of his very large and important world map, issued in the year 1558, and which so admirably sets forth his geographical notion of an Asiatic connection of the New World, an original copy may be found in the collection of Prince Liechtenstein, which is reproduced, after Giriva's redraughting, in Nordenskiold's 'Facsimile Atlas.'[235] In the history of cartography his map of Europe and his Rhine map especially merit a place of prominence.

Nine of his globes are known, most of which are constructed as armillary spheres, having within the numerous armillae or circles a small terrestrial globe, or at least that which pa.s.ses as a representation of the same. His first work of which we have knowledge, now belonging to the city of Cologne, and to be found in the collection of its archives, is inscribed "Caspar Medebach opus hoc astronomic.u.m fecit 1532 Martii."

It is a credit to the youthful artist and cosmographer, suggesting, says Korth,[236] the possession of a technic resembling that of Durer. This is a celestial globe 28 cm. in diameter, having its star map drawn by hand, which is now somewhat discolored with age.

Four years later Vopel constructed a second celestial globe, apparently a reproduction of the first but having its map printed on gores which he pasted on the surface of the sphere. It bears the inscription "Caspar Vopel, Medebach, hanc Cosmogr. faciebat sphaeram Coloniae Ao 1536," has the same diameter as the one of 1532, and is now its companion in the city archives of Cologne.[237]

The National Museum of Was.h.i.+ngton possesses a fine example of Vopel's work (Fig. 9), concerning which Mr. Maynard, curator of Mechanical Technology, writes that "the globe in this Museum is an armillary sphere of eleven metal rings, 4 inches in diameter, with a very small globe in the center. The rings are elaborately inscribed with astronomical signs and scales, with names in Latin. On one of the rings is the inscription, 'Caspar Vopel, Artium Professor, Hanc Sphaeram Faciebat Colonia, 1541.'"[238]

In 1542 he constructed his first terrestrial globe, a copy of which is to be found in the Cologne archives.[239] It has a diameter of 28 cm., its map gores, as in the case of the celestial globe of 1536, being printed from an engraved plate. Excepting the discoloration of age and a slight indentation near the north pole, it is well preserved. The t.i.tle legend reads "Nova et integra universi orbis descriptio." "A new and complete description of the entire globe." A second legend, placed in the middle Atlantic, reads "Caspar Vopel Medebach geographicam sphaeram hanc faciebat Coloniae A. 1542." "Caspar Vopel of Medebach made this globe in 1542 at Cologne." His terrestrial map a.s.sures us of his acceptance of the idea that the American continent could be but an extension of the continent of Asia; that is, like his predecessor Schoner and others of the second quarter of the sixteenth century, referred to above, he had concluded after Magellan had found a termination of the newly found transatlantic region at the south, and no pa.s.sageway from the Atlantic to the Pacific north of the equator had been found though search had frequently been made for the same, this country could therefore no longer be considered as an independent continent. The river "Cham," which on his map he made to empty into the Gulf of Mexico, he gives as the dividing line between "Hispania Nova"

and "Cathay." There is striking evidence that Vopel was acquainted with Orontius Finaeus' map of 1531 or its source, as, for example, he writes across the great austral continent, "Terra Australis recenter inventa, sed nondum plene cognita," adding the words "Anno 1499," which also appear on the Paris Wooden globe of 1535.

In the Old Nordiske Museum of Copenhagen is an armillary sphere of Vopel, composed of eleven bra.s.s rings representing the equator, the ecliptic, the tropics, the polar circles, etc., within which is a small terrestrial globe, on the surface of which is a ma.n.u.script world map.

Quad refers to this globe in the following words: "Item ein Astrolabium novum varium ac plenum das auff alle Landschafften (kann) dirigiert werden beide den Mathematicis unnd Medicis sehr nutz, in funffzehen Stock und auff acht bogen gedruckt, darunder auch ein kleine artige Mappa Mundi ins runde gelegt ist."[240]

On the circle representing the Tropic of Cancer is engraved the legend "Caspar Vopell Medebach hanc sphaeram faciebat Coloniae 1543." "Caspar Vopel of Medebach made this globe in Cologne in the year 1543." On the bottom of the box in which the globe is kept is a modern label reading "Nocolaus Copernicus 1543 ... ty ... Brah." Copernicus died in the year designated, and Tycho Brahe was born in the year 1546. It appears, therefore, that this globe once belonged to the great Danish astronomer.

In the Library of Congress, acquired from L. Friedrichsen of Hamburg, is a fine example of the work of Vopel.[241] This armillary sphere of eleven rings, encircling a terrestrial globe 7.2 cm. in diameter, is mounted on a copper base. On the circle representing the Tropic of Cancer is the inscription "Caspar Vopel artiv profes. hanc sphaeram faciebat Coloniae 1543." "Caspar Vopel professor of arts made this globe in Cologne in the year 1543," while on the remaining circles are engraved numerous cosmographical signs and names. The terrestrial globe is covered with a ma.n.u.script map in colors, and bears the t.i.tle legend "Nova ac generalis...o...b..s descriptio," and the author legend "Caspar Vopel mathe. faciebat." Most of the regional names on the map are in red, and a red dot is employed to indicate the location of certain important cities, the names in general being omitted. The globe is remarkably well preserved (Fig. 56).

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 56. Vopel Globe, 1543.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 56a. Western Hemisphere of Vopel Terrestrial Globe.]

In the collection of Jodoco del Badia, state archivist of Florence, is a Vopel armillary sphere of the year 1544.[242] The engraved inscription on the Tropic of Cancer reads "Caspar Vopel Me. Matem. hanc sphaeram faciebat coloniae 1544." Within the eleven armillae is a very small wooden sphere intended to represent a terrestrial globe of wood, about 3 cm. in diameter, on which the equator and the tropics are represented, but no geographical details of any value appear because of the small size of the ball.

A Vopel armillary sphere, apparently like the preceding, bearing the same date and legends, is reported as belonging to the city museum of Salzburg.[243]

A somewhat detailed description, by J. H. Graf, of a Vopel armillary sphere in the possession of the Herr Forstinspector Frey of Bern, appeared in the year 1894, in the Jahresbericht of the Geographical Society of Munich.[244] It is composed of twelve instead of eleven armillae, and at the common center is a small terrestrial ball. The inscriptions appearing on each of the several rings are given by Graf, and the work of Vopel is compared with that of other map makers of the time. On circle 3, for example, counting from the outermost, is a citation from Ovid (Amores I. 6. 59), "Night, love, and wine are not counselors of moderation." On circle 5, which represents the Tropic of Cancer, is the author and date legend, reading "Caspar Vopellius Mathe.

Profes. hanc sphaeram faciebat Coloniae 1545." On circle 7 we read "Fate rules the world, all stands secure according to unchangeable law, and the long lapse of time is marked by certain course." On one of the circles movable about the pole of the ecliptic is the inscription "The sun, called Helios, moves through the entire circle of the zodiac in 365 days and about 6 hours." Graf notes the striking similarity of this sphere to that belonging to the Old Nordiske Museum of Copenhagen, and adds to his paper a reproduction of the terrestrial globe map in plane projection.[245] The feature common to all of the Vopel maps, viz., the connection of the New and the Old Worlds, is particularly emphasized.

The name "America" appears only on South America, and rightly so, if at all, in keeping with his geographical ideas.

Gunther reports that there may be found in the Hof- und Staatsbibliothek of Munich (Sig. Math. A 41, fol.), a volume of drawings and engravings once belonging to the Nurnberg mathematician, George Hartmann.[246] In this collection there are two sets of celestial globe gores, the one containing nine, originally ten parts, dated February, 1535, the other containing ten undated parts. It is thought by Gunther that we have here, in all probability, the earliest example of engraved celestial globe gores, a second example in date being that by Vopel of 1536, and referred to above.

In the year 1859 Mr. Buckingham Smith obtained in the city of Madrid an engraved copper globe of striking scientific value and interest. On the death of Mr. Smith this globe, now known as the Ulpius globe (Fig. 57), was purchased by Mr. John David Wolf and later was presented to the Library of the New York Historical Society, where it may now be found among that society's rich collection of historical treasures.[247] It is of large size, having a diameter of 39 cm., rests upon an oak base, and measuring from the bottom of the base to the top of the iron cross which tips the north polar axis, its entire height is 111 cm. The hollow hemispheres of which the ball is composed are made to join at the line of the equator, the parts being held together by iron pins. In addition to its copper equatorial circle, which is neatly graduated and engraved with signs of the zodiac, it has a meridian and an hour circle of bra.s.s.

On the surface of the globe itself the princ.i.p.al parallels are drawn, and meridians at intervals of thirty degrees, the line of the ecliptic being very prominent, and the boundary line proposed by Pope Alexander VI, marking a terminus for the claims of Spain and Portugal to newly discovered regions, is strikingly conspicuous, with its legend reaching from pole to pole, "Terminus Hispanis et Lusitanis ab Alexandro VI P. M.

a.s.signatus."[248] "Limit to Spain and Portugal set by Pope Alexander VI."

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 57. Terrestrial Globe of Euphrosynus Ulpius, 1541.]

That a globe of such large dimensions, and of date so early, should come down to our day scarcely injured in the slightest degree, is a source of much delight to students of early cartography and of early discovery and exploration.

In a neat cartouch we read the following inscription: "Regiones...o...b..s terrae quae aut aveterib traditae aut nostra patruq memoria compertae sint. Euphrosynus Ulpius describebat anno salutis M.D.XLII." "Regions of the terrestrial globe which are handed down by the ancients or have been discovered in our memory or that of our fathers. Delineated by Euphrosynus Ulpius in the year of salvation 1542." The work is dedicated to "Marcello Cervino S. R. E. Presbitero Cardinali D. D. Rome,"

"Marcellus Cervino, Cardinal Presbyter and Doctor of Divinity of the Holy Roman Church, Rome,"[249] the dedication being inscribed in a cartouch ornamented with wheat or barley heads, a device to be found in the coat of arms of the Cervino family, and with the deer which may be taken as an allusion to the name.

Not the least interesting feature of its geographical record in the New World is that wherein testimony is given to the voyage of Verrazano in the year 1524. The outline of the North American continent is strikingly like that given in the Verrazano map of 1529 (Fig. 58), showing an isthmus in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay, beyond which stretches a great unnamed sea to the west, called in some of the early maps the Sea of Verrazano. Ulpius attests the discovery in the following legend, "Verrazana sive Nova Gallia a Verrazano Florentino comperta anno Sal.

M.D." "Verrazana or New France discovered by Verrazano a Florentine in the year of salvation 1500." The date in this legend is taken to be an incomplete rather than an erroneous record, the correct date being obtainable from the following legend appearing on the map of Hieronimus Verrazano, brother of the explorer, "Verrazana sive nova gallia quale discopri 5 anni fa giovanni di verrazano fiorentino per ordine et commandamento del Christianissimo re di francia." "Verrazana or New France discovered five years since by Giovanni Verrazano a Florentine by order and command of the Most Christian King of France."[250] Ulpius must have made use of this Verrazano map in drawing the outline of North America, though he did not copy slavishly, as we find that he greatly improved on that map in the trend he has given the Atlantic coast line of North America, and in the numerous details he has inscribed. In very many of the Atlantic coast names, however, there is a practical agreement between those on the globe and those on the map.