Higher Lessons in English Part 32

Gla.s.s bends easily _when it is red-hot_. Leaves do not turn red _because the frost colors them_. It will break _if you touch it_. Here the adverb clauses are restrictive; each is very closely related in thought to the independent clause, and may almost be said to be the essential part of the sentence.

When the adverb clause precedes, it is set off.

+Direction+.---_Tell why the adverb clauses are or are not set off in Lessons_ 63 _and_ 64.

+Direction+.---_Write, after these independent clauses, adverb clauses of time, place, degree, etc. (for connectives, see Lesson _100_), and punctuate according to the Rule_:--

1. The leaves of the water-maple turn red--_time_.

2. Our eyes cannot bear the light--_time_.

3. Millions of soldiers sleep--_place_.

4. The Bunker Hill Monument stands--_place_.

5. Every spire of gra.s.s was so edged and tipped with dew--_degree_.

6. Vesuvius threw its lava so far--_degree_.

7. The tree is inclined--_manner_.

8. The lion springs upon his prey--_manner_.

9. Many persons died in the Black Hole of Calcutta--_cause_.

10. Dew does not form in a cloudy night--_cause_.

11. That thunderbolt fell a mile away--_evidence_.

12. We dream in our sleep--_evidence_.

13. Peter the Great worked in Holland in disguise--_purpose_.

14. We put salt into b.u.t.ter and upon meat--_purpose_.

15. Iron bends and molds easily--_condition_.

16. Apples would not fall to the ground--_condition_.

17. Europe conquered Napoleon at last--_concession_.

18. Punishment follows every violation of nature's laws--_concession_.

LESSON 67.

+COMPOSITION-ADVERB CLa.s.sES+.

ARRANGEMENT.

The adverb clause may stand before the independent clause, between the parts of it, or after it.

+Direction+.---_Think, if you can, of another adverb clause to follow each independent clause in the preceding Lesson, and by means of a caret (^) indicate where this adverb clause may properly stand in the sentence. Note its force in its several positions, and attend to the punctuation. Some of these adverb clauses can stand only at the end_.

LESSON 68.

COMPOSITION--ADVERB CLAUSES.

An adverb clause may be contracted into a participle or a participle phrase.

+Example+.--_When he saw me_, he stopped = _Seeing me_, he stopped.

+Direction+.--_Contract these complex sentences to simple ones_:--

1. Coral animals, when they die, form vast islands with their bodies.

2. The water will freeze, for it has cooled to 32 deg.

3. Truth, though she may be crushed to earth, will rise again.

4. Error, if he is wounded, writhes with pain, and dies among his wors.h.i.+pers.

5. Black clothes are too warm in summer, because they absorb heat.

An adverb clause may be contracted to an absolute phrase.

+Example+.--_When night came_ on, we gave up the chase = _Night coming_ on, we gave up the chase.

+Direction+.--_Contract these complex sentences to simple ones_:--

1. When oxygen and carbon unite in the minute blood-vessels, heat is produced.

2. It will rain to-morrow, for "Probabilities" predicts it.

3. Was.h.i.+ngton retreated from Long Island because his army was outnumbered.

4. If Chaucer is called the father of our later English poetry, Wycliffe should be called the father of our later English prose.

An adverb clause may be contracted to a prepositional phrase having for its princ.i.p.al word (1) a participle, (2) an infinitive, or (3) a noun.

+Direction+.--_Contract each of these adverb clauses to a prepositional phrase having a participle for its princ.i.p.al word_:--

+Model+.--They will call _before they leave_ the city = They will call _before leaving_ the city.

1. The Gulf Stream reaches Newfoundland before it crosses the Atlantic.

2. If we use household words, we shall be better understood.

3. He grew rich because he attended to his business.

4. Though they persecuted the Christians, they did not exterminate them.

+Direction+.--_Contract each of these adverb clauses to an infinitive phrase_:--

+Model+.--She stoops _that she may conquer_ = She stoops _to conquer_.

1. The pine tree is so tall that it overlooks all its neighbors.

2. Philip II. built the Armada that he might conquer England.

3. He is foolish, because he leaves school so early in life.

4. What would I not give if I could see you happy!

5. We are pained when we hear G.o.d's name used irreverently.

+Direction+.--_Contract each of these adverb clauses to a prepositional phrase having a noun for its princ.i.p.al word_:--

+Model+.--He fought _that he might obtain glory_ = He fought _for glory_.

1. Luther died where he was born.

2. A fish breathes, though it has no lungs.

3. The general marched as he was ordered.

4. Criminals are punished that society may be safe.

5. If you are free from vices, you may expect a happy old age.

An adverb clause may be contracted by simply omitting such words as may easily be supplied.