Higher Lessons in English Part 82

+Period+.--Place a period after (1) a declarative or an imperative sentence, (2) an abbreviation, (3) a number written in the Roman notation, and (4) Arabic figures used to enumerate.

+Interrogation Point+.--Every direct interrogative sentence or clause should be followed by an interrogation point.

+Exclamation Point+.--All exclamatory expressions must be followed by the exclamation point.

+Comma+.--Set off by the comma (1) an explanatory modifier which does not restrict the modified term or combine closely with it; (2) a participle used as an adjective modifier, with the words belonging to it, unless restrictive; (3) the adjective clause when not restrictive; (4) the adverb clause, unless it closely follows and restricts the word it modifies; (5) a phrase out of its usual order or not closely connected with the word it modifies; (6) a word or phrase independent or nearly so; (7) a direct quotation introduced into a sentence, unless formally introduced; (8) a noun clause used as an attribute complement; and (9) a term connected to another by _or_ and having the same meaning. Separate by the comma (10) connected words and phrases, unless all the conjunctions are expressed; (11) co-ordinate clauses when short and closely connected; and (12) the parts of a compound predicate, and other phrases, when long or differently modified. Use the comma (13) to denote an omission of words; (14) after _as_, _namely_, etc., introducing ill.u.s.trations; and (15) when it is needed to prevent ambiguity.

+Direction+.--_Give the Rule for each capital letter and each mark of punctuation in these sentences, except the colon, the semicolon, and the quotation marks_:--

1. Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III., three sons of Catherine de Medici and Henry II., sat upon the French throne.

2. The pupil asked, "When shall I use _O_, and when shall I use _oh?_"

3. Purity of style forbids us to use: 1. Foreign words; 2. Obsolete words; 3. Low words, or slang.

4. It is easy, Mistress Dial, for you, who have always, as everybody knows, set yourself up above me, to accuse me of laziness.

5. He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell.

6. The Holy Land was, indeed, among the early conquests of the Saracens, Caliph Omar having, in 637 A. D., taken Jerusalem.

7. He who teaches, often learns himself.

8. San Salvador, Oct. 12, 1492.

9. Some letters are superfluous; as, _c_ and _q_.

10. No sleep till morn, when Youth and Pleasure meet To chase the glowing hours with flying feet!

Direction.--_Use capital letters and the proper marks of punctuation in these sentences, and give your reasons:_--

1. and lo from the a.s.sembled crowd there rose a shout prolonged and loud that to the ocean seemed to say take her o bridegroom old and gray 2. a large rough mantle of sheepskin fastened around the loins by a girdle or belt of hide was the only covering of that strange solitary man elijah the tishbite 3. The result however of the three years' reign or tyranny of jas ii was that wm of orange came over from holland and without shedding a drop of blood became a d 1688 wm in of england 4. _o_ has three sounds: 1. that in _not_; 2. that in _note_; 3. that in _move_ 5. lowell asks and what is so rare as a day in June 6. spring is a fickle mistress but summer is more staid 7. if i may judge by his gorgeous colors and the exquisite sweetness and variety of his music autumn is i should say the poet of the family 8. new york apr 30 1789 9. some letters stand each for many sounds; as _a_ and _o_

LESSON 147.

SUMMARY OF RULES--CONTINUED.

SEMICOLON AND COLON.

+Semicolon+.--Co-ordinate clauses, (1) when slightly connected, or (2) when themselves divided by the comma, must be separated by the semicolon. Use the semicolon (3) between serial phrases or clauses having a common dependence on something which precedes or follows; and (4) before _as_, _to wit_, _namely_, _i_. _e_., and _that is_, when they introduce examples or ill.u.s.trations.

+Direction+.--_Justify each capital letter and each mark of punctuation (except the colon) in these sentences_:--

1. It may cost treasure, and it may cost blood; but it will stand, and it will richly compensate for both.

2. Some words are delightful to the ear; as, _Ontario_, _golden_, _oriole_.

3. The shouts of revelry had died away; the roar of the lion had ceased; the last loiterer had retired from the banquet; and the lights in the palace of the victor were extinguished.

4. Send it to the public halls; proclaim it there; let them hear it who heard the first roar of the enemy's cannon; let them see it who saw their brothers and their sons fall on the field of Bunker Hill: and the very walls will cry out in its support.

+Direction+.---_Use capital letters and the proper marks of punctuation in these sentences, and give your reasons_:--

1. all parts of a plant reduce to three namely root stem and leaf 2. when the world is dark with tempests when thunder rolls and lightning flies thou lookest in thy beauty from the clouds and laughest at the storm 3. the oaks of the mountains fall the mountains themselves decay with years the ocean shrinks and grows again the moon herself is lost in heaven 4. kennedy taking from her a handkerchief edged with gold pinned it over her eyes the executioners holding her by the arms led her to the block and the queen kneeling down said repeatedly with a firm voice into thy hands o lord i commend my spirit

+Colon+.--Use the colon (1) between the parts of a sentence when these parts are themselves divided by the semicolon, and (2) before a quotation or an enumeration of particulars when formally introduced.

+Direction+.--_Justify each capital letter and each mark of punctuation in these sentences_:--

1. You may swell every expense, and strain every effort, still more extravagantly; acc.u.mulate every a.s.sistance you can beg and borrow; traffic and barter with every little, pitiful German prince that sells and sends his subjects to the shambles of a foreign country: your efforts are forever vain and impotent.

2. This is a precept of Socrates: "Know thyself."

+Direction+.--_Use capital letters and the proper marks of punctuation in these sentences, and give your reasons_:--

1. the advice given ran thus take care of the minutes and the hours will take care of themselves 2. we may abound in meetings and movements enthusiastic gatherings in the field and forest may kindle all minds with a common sentiment but it is all in vain if men do not retire from the tumult to the silent culture of every right disposition

+Direction+.---_Write sentences ill.u.s.trating the several uses of the semicolon, the colon, and the comma_.

LESSON 148.

SUMMARY OF RULES--CONTINUED.

THE DASH, MARKS OF PARENTHESIS, APOSTROPHE, HYPHEN, QUOTATION MARKS, AND BRACKETS.

+Dash+.--Use the dash where there is an omission (1) of letters or figures, and (2) of such words as _as_, _namely_, or _that is_, introducing ill.u.s.trations or equivalent expressions. Use the dash (3) where the sentence breaks off abruptly, and the same thought is resumed after a slight suspension, or another takes its place; and (4) before a word or phrase repeated at intervals for emphasis. The dash may be used (5) instead of marks of parenthesis, and may (6) follow other marks, adding to their force.

+Direction+.--_Justify each capital letter and each mark of punctuation in these sentences:--_

1. The most noted kings of Israel were the first three--Saul; David, and Solomon.

2. When Mrs. B---- heard of her son's disgrace, she fainted away.

3. And--"This to me?" he said.

4. a.s.syria, Greece, Rome, Carthage--what are they?

5. I do not rise to supplicate you to be merciful toward the nation to which I belong,--toward a nation which, though subject to England, yet is distinct from it.

6. We know the uses--and sweet they are--of adversity.

7. His place business is 225--229 High street.

+Direction+.---_Use capital letters and the proper marks of punctuation in these sentences, and give your reasons_:--

1. the human species is composed of two distinct races those who borrow and those who lend 2. this bill this infamous bill the way it has been received by the house the manner in which its opponents have been treated the personalities to which they have been subjected all these things dissipate my doubts 3. the account of a _____'s shame fills pp 1 19 4. lord marmion turned well was his need and dashed the rowels in his steed

+Marks of Parenthesis+.--Marks of parenthesis may be used to inclose what has no essential connection with the rest of the sentence.

+Apostrophe+.--Use the apostrophe (1) to mark the omission of letters, (2) in the pluralizing of letters, figures, and characters, and (3) to distinguish the possessive from other cases.

+Hyphen+.--Use the hyphen (-) (1) to join the parts of compound words, and (2) between syllables when a word is divided.

+Quotation Marks+.--Use quotation marks to inclose a copied word or pa.s.sage. If the quotation contains a quotation, the latter is inclosed within single marks. (See Lesson 74.)

+Brackets+.--Use brackets [ ] to inclose what, in quoting another's words, you insert by way of explanation or correction.

+Direction+.--_Justify the marks of punctuation used in these sentences_:--

1. Luke says, Acts xxi. 15, "We took up our carriages [luggage], and went up to Jerusalem."

2. The last sentence of the composition was, "I close in the words of Patrick Henry, 'Give me liberty, or give me death.'"

3. _Red-hot_ is a compound adjective.