Ideal Illusions Part 13

165. Samantha Powers, testimony, "Rwanda's Genocide Looking Back," Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa, April 22, 2004, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., 27.

166. Samantha Power, A Problem from h.e.l.l, 364.

167. Organization of Africa Unity, Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, 5.8.

168. Ibid., 11.9.

169. Ibid., 12.22.

170. Ibid., 12.23.

171. Ibid., 12.28.

172. Stephen Kinzer, "France's Role in the Rwandan genocide," Boston Globe, August 14, 2008.

173. Quoting Mitterand in Republique Du Rwanda, Commission Nationale Independante Chargee de Ra.s.sembler les Preuves Montrant l'Implication de l'Etat Francais Dans le Genocide Perpetre au Rwanda en 1994, November 15, 2007, 30.

174. Ibid., 32, 30. Then again, the accusations of a French judicial magistrate against President Kagame and key leaders of the RPF for their involvement in the a.s.sa.s.sination of President Habyarimana, the immediate spark for the genocide, aren't likely to go too far either. No ICC is likely to wade into these waters.

175. Prunier, Africa's World War, 19.

176. As Mamdani writes, various factors were in play: the failure of cease-fire discussions, "a reckless internal opposition," a "naive RDF," and the donor community that "force-fed Rwanda a reform agenda out of a textbook without regard to the situation on the ground and secure in the knowledge that they would not have to suffer the consequences of their actions," an immunity that "bred a reckless irresponsibility." Mahmood Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers, 203, 214.

177. Prunier, Africa's World War, 1516.

178. Prunier, Africa's World War, 20.

179. Mahmood Mamdani, "The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency," London Review of Books, March 8, 2007, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n05/mamd01_.html. Also, Mike Hume, London Times, April 7, 2004: "Paul Kagame, the Rwandan President, has accused France of helping to prepare the genocide by supporting the Hutu-dominated regime. Rather less is said about American and British support for the other side in Rwanda's civil war-Kagame's Tutsi-led Rwandan Popular Front. The RPF was based in and backed by neighbouring Uganda, the main Anglo-American proxy in the region. Rwandan rebels in the Ugandan military received training from the British. Kagame attended a US army and staff college in Kansas."

180. At least this offers a plausible explanation for the RPF opposing it.

181. Afterward the military/intelligence links with Kagame were quite public and close. See Lynne Duke, "U.S. Faces Surprise, Dilemma in Africa," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, July 14, 1998, A1. Also Gerard Prunier, Africa's World War.

182. Tom Malinowski, House Committee on International Relations, United States Support of Human Rights and Democracy Hearing Before the Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Human rights, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., July 7, 2004, http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa94707.000/hfa94707_0f.htm.

183. See David Kennedy, Dark Sides of Virtue, 169198.

184. Edward S. Herman and David Peterson, "The Dismantling of Yugoslavia: A Study of Inhumanitarian Intervention (and a Western Liberal-Left Intellectual and Moral Collapse)," Monthly Review (October 2007).

185. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1989," Yugoslavia, http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1989/WR89/Yugoslav.htm#TopOfPage.

186. Human Rights Watch, "Yugoslavia: Human Rights Developments, 1992," 6, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WE92/HSW-08.htm#P995_282970 (accessed June 8, 2007).

187. Ibid., 1.

188. Jeri Laber and Kenneth Anderson, New York Times, November 10, 1990, 23, an editorial noted as an op-ed by Helsinki Watch in Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1989," Yugoslavia, 1990, http://www.hrw.org/reports/1990/WR90/HELSINKI.BOU-05.htm#P714_157941 (accessed June 8, 2007).

189. Robert Hayden, "Don't Turn Yugoslavia into Europe's Lebanon," letter, New York Times, December 3, 1990, A18.

190. Warren Zimmerman, "The Last Amba.s.sador: A Memoir of the Collapse of Yugoslavia," Foreign Affairs (March/April 1995): 13.

191. Richard Holbrooke, "America: A European Power," Foreign Affairs (March/April 1995).

192. Aryeh Neier, "The Attack on Human Rights," New York Review of Books, November 2, 2006, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/19500.

193. Alex de Waal, "Reflections on the Difficulties of Defining Darfur's Crisis as Genocide," Harvard Human Rights Journal 20:2533.

194. Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).

195. Norman G. Finkelstein, The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering (London: Verso, 2000), 12.

196. Alan E. Steinweis, "The Auschwitz a.n.a.logy: Holocaust Memory and American Debates over Intervention in Bosnia and Kosovo in the 1990s," Holocaust and Genocide Studies 19, no. 2 (2005): 276451.

197. International Court of Justice, Judgment, February 26, 2007, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), 131, 71, 25, 72, 124, http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/91/13685.pdf.

198. Ibid.

199. Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in BosniaHerzegovina, vol. 2 (New York: Helsinki Watch, 1993), 2.

200. The much-invoked CIA report, Sanitized Bosnia: Serb Ethnic Cleansing, January 5, 1995, FOIA, was among the strongest arguments for the primacy of Serb responsibility for ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. The report begins quoting Human Rights Watch reports, and concludes that some 90 percent of the displacement had been carried out by Serb forces. The word "genocide" was not used. The public attention to the leaked (and possibly written to be leaked) memo was notable for its not being compared to others that questioned its figures.

201. Aryeh Neier, War Crimes: Brutality, Genocide, Terror, and the Struggle for Justice (New York: Times Books, 1998), 186.

202. Ibid., 202.

203. Congressman James Moran, Genocide in BosniaHerzeghovina, A Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C. April 4, 1995, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1995_hr/genocideinbosnia.html.

204. Congressman Christopher Smith, ibid.

205. Quoted by David Binder and Walter R. Roberts, "The Only Good Serb Is a..." Mediterranean Quarterly (Summer 1998): 34.

206. Harold D. La.s.swell, Propaganda Technique in the World War (New York: Peter Smith, 1927).

207. J. C. H. Blom et al., Srebrenica: Reconstruction, Background, Consequences and a.n.a.lyses of the Fall of a Safe Area, NIOD Report, published on behalf of the Dutch government, April 10, 2002, http://srebrenica.brightside.nl/srebrenica.

208. Ibid., "Epilogue," point 1.

209. Ibid., point 11 text.

210. Ibid.

211. Human Rights Watch, "World Report 1994," BosniaHerzeghovina, http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,HRW,BIH,467fca8ab,0.html.

212. Irene Kahn, The Unheard Truth, 82.

213. Human Rights Dialogue 2, no. 5 (Winter 2001): 21.

214. See Neier, Taking Liberties, 351353.

215. For example, Human Rights Watch, "Prosecute Now!" (August 1993).

216. Kenneth Roth, "The Case for Universal Jurisdiction," Foreign Affairs (September 10, 2001).

217. Kirsten Sellars, The Rise and Rise of Human Rights (Thrupp, UK: Sutton, 2002), 179.

218. David J. Scheffer, "International Judicial Intervention," Foreign Policy, no. 102 (Spring 1996): 51.

219. Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away with Murder: Illegal Wars, Collateral Damage and Crimes Against Humanity (London: Pluto Press, 2004); Edward Herman, "The Politics of the Srebrenica Ma.s.sacre," Z Magazine, July 7, 2005, http://www.zcommunications.org/the-politics-of-the-srebrenica-ma.s.sacre-by-edward-herman.

220. "Amnesty International Accuses NATO of Illegal Bombing Raid," Baltimore Sun, June 8, 2000, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2000-06-08/news/0006080149_1_nato-civilian-casualties-amnesty-international/2.

221. Eric A. Heinze, "The Rhetoric of Genocide in U.S. Foreign Policy: Rwanda and Darfur Compared," Political Science Quarterly 122, no. 3 (2007): 359383.

222. Richard Holbrook quoted in Deborah Murphy, "Narrating Darfur: Darfur in the U.S. Press," in War and Peace in Darfur, ed. Alex de Waal (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Global Equity Initiative, 2007), 319.

223. The response to Darfur also marks the culmination of a decade of increasing evangelical involvement in human rights. For this aspect of the story, see Allen D. Hertzke, Freeing G.o.d's Children: The Unlikely Alliance for Global Human Rights (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2004).

224. Kenneth Roth, "Justice for Tyrant," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, November 26, 1998, A31.

225. When the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, the official U.S. government memorial to the Holocaust, declared a genocide emergency for Darfur in 2004, their website offered a pathbreaking user-friendly way to understand the ongoing atrocities: "Now you can witness the destruction in Darfur via Google Earth. Zoom down and see what a burned village looks like from above, the vast tent cities of people displaced from their homes, and photographs on the ground of refugees struggling to survive. Read eyewitness testimony of atrocities in attacked villages. Visualize what genocide looks like today in Darfur. Learn more about the layers." Ushmm + Google Earth, "Genocide Emergency: Darfur, http://www.ushmm.org/googleearth, (accessed June 16, 2007). Darfur was the museum's first major effort in its web-based "Genocide Prevention Mapping Initiative," a ma.s.sive collaborative project between the museum and Google to build an interactive "global crisis map" to share and understand information quickly, to "see the situation" of genocides when they are developing. Of course, there are no such mapping sites on U.S.-funded government inst.i.tutions about Iraq-such as the U.S. Inst.i.tute of Peace website. Ushmm + Google Earth, "Genocide Emergency: Darfur," http://www.ushmm.org/googleearth (accessed June 16, 2007).

226. Mahmood Mamdani, "The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency," London Review of Books, March 8, 2007, http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n05/mamd01_.html. Also, see Mahmood Mamdani, Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics, and the War on Terror (New York: Doubleday Religion, 2010).

227. Colin Powell, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, The Crisis in Darfur, September 9, 2004, http://geneva.usmission.gov/press2004/0910CrisisinDarfur.htm. Also see Eric A. Heinze, "The Rhetoric of Genocide in U.S. Foreign Policy: Rwanda and Darfur Compared," Political Science Quarterly 122, no. 3 (2007): 359383.

228. MSF Challenges U.S. Darfur Genocide Claim, October 4, 2004, quoted from "US 'Hyping' Darfur Genocide Fears," The Observer (London), October 2004, 3.

229. a.s.sociated Press, "Obama: Don't Stay in Iraq over Genocide," July 20, 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19862711/.

230. "Genocide is the most serious of international crimes: this proposition is undisputed." It is the "crime of crimes," stated the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). See Richard May and Marieke Wierda, "Is There a Hierarchy of Crimes in International Law," in Man's Inhumanity to Man, ed. Antonio Ca.s.sese and Lal Chand Vohrah (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 2003), 513.

231. Human Rights Watch, "War Crimes in BosniaHerzegovina," vol. 2, 2.

232. Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away with Murder, 6.

233. Aryeh Neier, letter, New York Review of Books, November 2, 2006, vol. 53, no. 17.

234. Kenneth Roth quoted by Aryeh Neier, ibid.

235. Quoted by Noam Chomsky, "War on Terror," Amnesty International Annual Lecture Hosted by Trinity College, January 18, 2006, http://www.chomsky.info/talks/20060118.pdf.

236. Ronald Reagan, Speech to B'nai B'rith, September 6, 1984, http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/RR9_6_84.html.

237. Foreign Aid in the National Interest, chap. 5, "Looking Ahead," http://www.usaid.gov/fani/ch05/lookingahead03.htm.

238. National Security Strategy, March 2006, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/.

239. Congressman Steny Hoyer, quoted in Mark Ivor Satin, Radical Middle: The Politics We Now Need (New York: Basic Books, 2004), 153.

240. Kenneth Roth and Ruth Wedgwood, "Is America's Withdrawal from the New International Criminal Court Justified?" World Link 15, no. 4 (July/August 2002).

CHAPTER 6: TERRORISM AND THE PATHOLOGY OF AMERICAN POWER.

1. a.s.sociated Press, The President's News Conference with Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi of j.a.pan, Tokyo, j.a.pan, February 18, 2002.

2. See Frank Bruni, "Bush and His Presidency Are Transformed," New York Times, September, 22, 2001, B2.

3. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/08/20050813.html 4. George W. Bush, "Global War on Terror: National Strategy for Combating Terrorism," Vital Speeches 72, no. 24 (September 15, 2006).

5. Remarks by the President at the United States Air Force Academy Graduation Ceremony, United States Air Force Academy, June 2, 2004, APP.

6. Ibid.

7. George W. Bush, Address to the Joint Session of Congress, September 20, 2001, in "National Strategy for Combating Terrorism 2003," 29.

8. National Security Council, "Strengthen Alliances to Defeat Global Terrorism and Work to Prevent Attacks Against Us and Our Friends," http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2006/sectionIII.html 9. Department of State, "National Strategy for Combating Terrorism," February 2003, www.state.gov/doc.u.ments/organization/60172.pdf.

10. Remarks by the President at the United States Air Force Academy Graduation Ceremony, United States Air Force Academy, June 2, 2004, APP.

11. Harry S. Truman, special message to the Congress on Greece and Turkey: "The Truman Doctrine," March 12, 1947, APP.

12. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Address at the Columbia University National Bicentennial Dinner, New York City, May 31, 1954, APP.

13. Lyndon B. Johnson, Remarks in Atlantic City at the Convention of the American a.s.sociation of School Administrators, February 16, 1966, APP.

14. Ronald Reagan, Remarks following discussions with Prime Minister s.h.i.+mon Peres of Israel, October 17, 1985, APP.

15. Peter J. Katzenstein, "Same War, Different Views: Germany, j.a.pan, and Counterterrorism," International Organization 57, no. 4 (Autumn 2003): 734.

16. Kuala Lumpur Declaration on International Terrorism, April 12, 2002, http://www.oic-oci.org/english/conf/fm/11_extraordinary/declaration.htm.

17. Benjamin Netanyahu, Preface in International Terrorism: Challenge and Response, ed. Benjamin Netanyahu (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 1981), 1.

18. Kofi Annan, UN radio, March 11, 2005.

19. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/nsc/nss/2002/nss3.html.

20. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, February 2003, www.state.gov/doc.u.ments/organization/60172.pdf.

21. Paul Hoffman, "Human Rights and Terrorism," Human Rights Quarterly 26, no. 4 (2004).

22. Kenneth Roth, "Human Rights and the Campaign Against Terrorism," Carnegie Council, March 14, 2002, interview with Joanne J. Meyers, http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/109.html.