The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 1

The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History.

by Various.

INTRODUCTION

This Supplement is designed to supply a double need: it furnishes an a.n.a.lytical index to the entire series of twenty volumes; and it affords a great deal of additional information, bearing on the subject-matter of these volumes, but which from its very nature it was impossible to incorporate in the text. This additional information includes biographical sketches of the characters mentioned in each volume; similar sketches of prominent Canadians who for one reason or another do not appear in any of the twenty volumes; and brief descriptions of wars, battles, treaties, and political and other events having a vital bearing on the history of Canada. References have been added, wherever necessary, to the princ.i.p.al sources which the student may consult for further information. The whole has been thrown into one alphabetical arrangement, and it const.i.tutes, to a large extent, a dictionary of Canadian history.

To satisfy further the desire of those who, after reading the foregoing volumes, find it profitable to investigate more fully certain lines of inquiry suggested by the narratives, it has been thought advisable to add a list of ma.n.u.script sources from which new material may be gleaned.

The collection of doc.u.ments most convenient for this purpose is to be found in the Dominion Archives. It is not possible in the present work to do more than indicate the princ.i.p.al doc.u.ments, as there are fifteen thousand volumes of ma.n.u.script in the Archives bearing on Canadian history. The sources indicated here are drawn princ.i.p.ally from the series designated A, B, C, F, Q, M. The letter refers to the series, and the number to the volume. The Calendars published by the Archives in the Annual Reports should also be consulted by the student. For convenience of reference, it has been deemed preferable to group the ma.n.u.script sources under general headings, and print the list as a separate section in the volume.

In the preparation of the bibliographical references, the object has been to include only those works that have a direct and vital bearing on the subject. A complete bibliography in each case would obviously be neither possible nor desirable. Nor, except in special cases, has any attempt been made to include articles or papers in periodicals or in the publications of learned societies. It will be sufficient to make a general reference here to some of the more important sources of information on the many topics covered in this volume. First among these sources probably should rank the publications of the Royal Society of Canada. The Society has published in a separate volume a very full General Index to its _Proceedings and Transactions_, 1882-1906, compiled by Dr. Benjamin Sulte. For volumes subsequent to 1906, the individual indexes should be consulted. A key to the Annual Reports of the Geological Survey of Canada is found in two General Indexes, one covering the years 1863-1884, and the other the years 1885-1906. The latter, compiled by F. J. Nicolas, is very complete. Wurtele's Index to the _Transactions_ and other Publications of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 1829-1891, furnishes a guide to the material issued by this oldest of Canadian learned societies. Unfortunately, no general index is available for the publications of the Canadian Inst.i.tute, which cover a very wide and important field; nor for those of the Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, the Ontario Historical Society, the Nova Scotia Historical Society, and various other Canadian inst.i.tutions of a similar character. Much important material, bearing on, or supplementary to, the topics treated in the several volumes of the _Makers of Canada_ will be found in the foregoing publications. The reader may also find it profitable in many cases to consult the publications of the American Historical a.s.sociation, and the State Historical Societies of New York, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. A great deal of important material is also to be found in Canadian and other periodicals. Of the more significant of these, the _Revue Canadienne_ marked the completion of its fifty-third volume in 1907 by publis.h.i.+ng in separate form a comprehensive Index to the entire series up to that year. In consulting other Canadian magazines, reference must in most cases be made to the individual indexes in each volume. The series of the _Canadian Monthly_ and the _New Dominion Monthly_ are, however, fully covered by Poole's _Index_; the _Canadian Magazine_, to a large extent, by Wilson's _Guide to Periodical Literature_, as well as by a General Index published by the magazine in 1907. A key to the publications of several Canadian historical societies and periodicals, since the year 1906, is furnished by the _Magazine Subject-Index_ (Boston). The three admirable American guides mentioned above, that is, Poole's _Index_, Wilson's _Guide_, and the _Magazine Subject-Index_, with their annual or c.u.mulative supplements, provide also a key to the great body of literature in the princ.i.p.al American and English periodicals, bearing on Canadian topics.

Among other important guides to Canadian subjects, historical, political, biographical, social, literary, and scientific, should be mentioned the _Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada_, edited by Wrong and Langton; Larned's _Literature of American History_, which includes a section on Canada; the various encyclopaedias; the annual bibliographies of Canadian scientific work published in the _Transactions_ of the Royal Society of Canada; Gagnon's _Essai de Bibliographie Canadienne_; Morgan's _Bibliotheca Canadensis_; James's _Bibliography of Canadian Verse_; Horning and Burpee's _Bibliography of Canadian Fiction_; Tanguay's _Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes_; and the very full bibliographies of material published in or about the province of Quebec, by Dr. N. E. Dionne. A general reference may also be made here, for all subjects in this volume relating to Canadian history, to such general works as those of Parkman, Kingsford, Bourinot, Dent, McMullen, Ferland, Faillon, Charlevoix, Bibaud, Garneau, Sulte, Miles, Christie, Haliburton, Murdoch, Campbell, Hannay, Bryce, and Begg. In addition to the princ.i.p.al source of Canadian ma.n.u.script material, the Archives at Ottawa, a large number of important doc.u.ments will be found in the Provincial Archives at Halifax, Quebec, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Victoria, as well as in the universities of Laval, McGill, and Toronto. Finally, reference may be made to the various biographical dictionaries in the accompanying list.

The inclusion in the Supplement of several names of Canadians, both living and dead, who are not of the very first importance, and the omission of others who filled at least as important a place in the history of the country, will be explained largely by the fact that the former were incidentally mentioned somewhere in the series, and therefore had to be included, while the latter were not.

L. J. B.

A. G. D.

OTTAWA, January, 1911

INDEX AND DICTIONARY

=Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell= (1821-1893). Educated at McGill University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A candidate for the Legislative a.s.sembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880 to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A recognized authority on questions of commercial and const.i.tutional law.

Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower Canada. =Index=: =C= Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45.

=BL= On the Annexation Manifesto, 336. =Md= A witness before Pacific Scandal Committee, 204. =Bib.=: _Annual Register_, 1893; Terrill, _Chronology of Montreal_; Thomas, _History of Argenteuil and Prescott_; Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_; Dent, _Can. Por._ and _Last Forty Years_.

=Abbott, Joseph= (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote _The Emigrant_, containing information for farmers about Canada.

=Abenaquis Indians.= _See_ Abnaki.

=Abercrombie, James.= Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the 42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or 2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763, retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_.

=Abercromby, James= (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained commission as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent to America with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded s.h.i.+rley and Webb in command of the army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757 commanded second brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of Stirling Castle. =Index=: =WM= Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54; repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. =Hd= His recall, 21. _See also_ Howe; Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Rogers, _Journals during the Late War_, ed. by Hough.

=Abercromby, Sir Ralph= (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland under Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in 1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt.

Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in the battle. =Index=: =Bk= Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. =Bib.=: Dunfermline, _Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of= (1847- )). A baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1905. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Can. Men; Who's Who_.

=Abnaki Indians.= A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. =Index=: =F= Hostile to New England, 240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316; attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. =L= Ravages committed by, on New England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. =WM= Enemies of the English, 16. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Pilling, _Bibliography of Algonquian Languages_; Vetromile, _The Abnakis and their History_.

=Abraham, Plains of.= _See_ Plains of Abraham.

=Academy of Arts.= _See_ Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.

=Acadia.= The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8, 1603, in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to the forty-sixth degree of north lat.i.tude. The limits were afterwards reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607.

Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September, 1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625, by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St.

Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. =Index=: =Ch= Its resources and limits, 18; English king indisposed to restore, 213. =F= Attempt to form settlement in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes, 268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270; visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274; pa.s.ses again under French control, 316. =Bib.=: Champlain, _Voyages_; Lescarbot, _New France_; Denys, _Acadia_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_; Rameau de Saint-Pere, _Une Colonie Feodale_; Calnek and Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_; Moreau, _Histoire de l'Acadie_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Acadia College.= Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the Nova Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the Nova Scotia a.s.sembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, 1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. =Index=: =H= Founded by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81; defended by James W. Johnstone, 83. =Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Acadian.= Newspaper published at Halifax. =Index=: =H= Formerly _Weekly Chronicle_, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.

=Acadians.= The first permanent settlers were those who came with De Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended.

Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639 to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively.

There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392 souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in 1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St.

Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at 16,000. =Bib.=: Murdoch, _History of Nova Scotia_; Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_; Haliburton, _Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_; Hannay, _History of Acadia_; Raymond, _St. John River_; Gaudet, _Acadian Genealogy_ (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).

=Acadians, Expulsion of the.= Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the obstinate refusal of the Acadians to take the oath of allegiance, and the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beausejour, Winslow at Grand Pre, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport and provision s.h.i.+ps. These having been delayed, the final embarkation did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over 150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped deportation, and of those who returned from exile. =Index=: _See_ references under Acadia. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Montcalm and Wolfe_; Richard, _Acadia_; Casgrain, _Un Pelerinage au Pays d'Evangeline_; _Une Seconde Acadie_; _Les Sulpiciens et les Pretres des Missions Etrangeres en Acadia_; _Doc.u.ments Inedits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815_; Archibald, _Expulsion of Acadians_ (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); _Selections from the Public Doc.u.ments of Nova Scotia_, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary, _History of the County of Annapolis_.

=Accommodation.= First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John Molson at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809, making the run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16 feet beam, and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. _See also_ Molson; Steams.h.i.+ps. =Bib.=: _Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade_, 1893.

=Adams.= =Bk= United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to British, 256; name changed to _Detroit_, 274; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289; burnt, 290. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=Adams, John.= Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness prevented him from attending to his duties.

=Addison, Robert.= =S= First chaplain of Upper Canada a.s.sembly, 85, 158; opens a school at Niagara, 167. =R= Member of Board of Education, Upper Canada, 58.

=Adet, Pierre Auguste= (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor, member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from Great Britain. =Index=: =Dr= French minister to United States, intrigues of, 300, 301.

=Agniers.= _See_ Mohawks.

=Agriculture.= Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture were founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F.

Perrault (_q.v._), and Nova Scotia to John Young (_q.v._). An agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere in 1859; the Guelph Agricultural College was established in 1874; the Nova Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste.

Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. =Index=: =F= In New France, difficulties in the way of, 87. =S= Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108, 109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. =E= Elgin on, 49-50; department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. =MS= Agricultural experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. =D= In British Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. =B= Splendid field for in North-West predicted by Toronto _Globe_, in 1852, 213-215. _See also_ Farmers; Wheat; Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. =Bib.=: _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 5; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_.

=Aguesseau, Henri-Francois= (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700.

Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750.

=Index=: =F= On French Parliaments, 153.

=Aiguebelle, d'.= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.

=Aiken, Thomas B.= =H= Contributes to _The Club_ in Howe's _Nova Scotian_, 10.

=Aikins, James c.o.x= (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected for Peel County, 1854, and sat in a.s.sembly until 1861. Elected to Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration, 1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue, 1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to Senate, 1896. =Index=: =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Morgan, _Can. Men._; Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'.= Administered settlement of Villemarie during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governors.h.i.+p of Three Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon, 1651. Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. =Index=: =F= Succeeds Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. =L= His pious administration, 8. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_.

=Aillon, Father de la Roche d'.= =Ch= Recollet interpreter and negotiator with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_.

=Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of.= Signed between Great Britain and France, April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close.

The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the _status quo_. All former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.