The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 68

=Ryswick, Treaty of.= Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized William III as sovereign of Great Britain. =Index=: =F= Restores to England her Hudson Bay posts, 349. =L= Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of, 234. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_; _Dict. Eng. Hist_.

=Sable Island.= Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about the beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot _mappemonde_ of 1544. First appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546.

Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his s.h.i.+ps among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his little s.h.i.+p was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without them. Five years later a s.h.i.+p was sent out to rescue the survivors, eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's _Novus...o...b..s_, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century, it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size.

Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not begin to represent the actual tribute in s.h.i.+ps to this "Graveyard of the Atlantic." =Bib.=: Patterson, _Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena_ (R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, _Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena_ (N. S. Inst. of Science _Trans._, vi.); Tache, _Les Sablons_; Paul de Gazes, _Ile de Sable_ (R. S. C., 1892).

=Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount= (1716-1785).

Served with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755; lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. =Index=: =Dr= Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164; generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as Viscount Sackville, 192. =Hd= Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by, 112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to, 132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to, 164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. =Bib.=: _Dict.

Nat. Biog._

=Saco River.= =F= Fort built at falls of, 329.

=Sagard-Theodat, Gabriel.= =F= Recollet, on bad examples shown by colonists to Indians, 14. =L= Missionary labours of, 3. =Ch= Recollet friar, 139; sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caen, 182; his remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. =Bib.=: Works: _Histoire du Canada_; _Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons_.

=Saguenay River.= One of the princ.i.p.al tributaries of the St. Lawrence.

Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52 N. and long. 71 10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It was discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. =Index=: =Ch= Explored by Champlain, 12. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=St. Andre.= =L= Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.

=St. Andrews.= Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port.

=Index=: =W= Grammar school at, 85. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=St. Augustine.= =WM= Retreating army halts at, 218; Levis hears news of surrender of Quebec at, 234. =Hd= Haldimand's headquarters for a time, 78-80.

=St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de= (1650-1712). Native of Bearn; came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salieres Regiment, as an ensign in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles, and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia, established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, a.s.sisted Iberville in the capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which, however, was never acted on. =Index=: =F= His life in New France, 329; leads Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=St.-Cirque.= =WM= Killed at Laprairie, 232.

=St. Clair, Arthur= (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1757, and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758, and Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out of the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a Pennsylvania regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. =Index=: =Dr= Sent as governor to the Indian territory, 233. =S= Expedition under, crus.h.i.+ngly defeated by Indians, 121. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=St. Domingo.= Island in the West Indies. =Bk= Revolution in, 39-41.

=St. etienne.= =Ch= Vessel in which Recollet missionaries came to Canada, 85.

=St. Francis Xavier College.= Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia.

Diocesan inst.i.tution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853.

Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College, 1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova Scotia, 1866.

=St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh= (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809, as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813.

Knighted, 1835. =Index=: =Bk= In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236; reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._; Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_.

=St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of.= Signed between France and Great Britain on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape Breton to France. =Index=: =Ch= Treaty signed, 222. =Bib.=: Hertslet, _Treaties and Conventions_.

=St. Hubert, Father.= =Hd= Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182.

=St. Ignace, Mother.= =WM= Describes scene at General Hospital, 223.

=St. Ignace.= =Ch= Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92.

=St. Jean.= =Ch= One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.

=St. Joachim.= =L= Boarding school for children established at, 100; Laval's gift to school at, 199.

=St. John.= City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785, during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia.

Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604.

=Index=: =W= Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar schools in, 85. =T= Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to measures, 25. =Bib.=: Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_; Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=St. John Island.= _See_ Prince Edward Island.

=St. John's.= Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the island, in 1763. =Index=: =Hd= Taken by the French, 44. =F= Captured by Iberville, 347. =Bib.=: _Ency. Brit._

=St. John's.= A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was a military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in 1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison held out gallantly for twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh ammunition and supplies. =Index=: =Dr= Fort at, abandoned by Americans, 146; reoccupied by British, 161. =Hd= Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133; people of, pay schoolmaster, 235. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=St. John's River.= =L= Recollet mission on, 111.

=St. Joseph de Levis.= =WM= Skirmish at, 102, 103.

=St. Julien.= =Ch= Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3.

=St. Laurent.= =Ch= French vessel seized by the English, 222.

=St. Laurent.= Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. =Index=: =WM= Letter of cure of, to British officers, 93.

=St. Lawrence Channel.= =C= Cartier favours deepening of, 45.

=St. Lawrence Gulf.= The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that of Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay _Baye Sainct Laurens_. Since then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and the great river that empties its waters there. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St.

Lawrence Basin_.

=St. Lawrence Island.= _See_ Cape Breton.

=St. Lawrence Rapids.= =Hd= Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37.

=St. Lawrence River.= Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west end of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of Lake Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. =Index=: =Ch= Early visits of fis.h.i.+ng vessels to, 59. =Bib.=: Dawson, _The St. Lawrence Basin_; Johnson, _Picturesque St. Lawrence_.

=St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway.= =E= Chartered, 1845, to connect with Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. =C= Built in 1849,--gives Montreal access to the sea through Portland, 45. _See also_ Railways.

=St. Leger, Colonel Barry.= =Hd= Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211; unjust complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application on behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief command in Canada, 314. =Dr= Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173; brave, but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179.

=St. Malo.= Seaport of France. =Index=: =Ch= Merchants of, demand freedom of commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. =L= Jurisdiction of bishop of, over New France, 6.

=St. Martin, Captain.= =WM= Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.

=St. Maurice Forges.= Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that date and until 1883, under different owners.h.i.+p, they were in active operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America.

=Index=: =Dr= Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast cannon at, 141. =Hd= Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction of Nordberg, 48; Laterriere's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54; leased by Murray, 62; Laterriere inspector of, 277-278; partners of, 345. =L= Development of mines by Talon, 82. =Bib.=: _See_ General Index to Royal Society of Canada _Trans._

=St. Maurice River.= One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises in the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls into the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles.

During the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the French were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was first seen by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Riviere du Fouez, or Riviere du Foix. =Index=: =Ch= Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and Three Rivers by Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin, 52. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=St. Maws.= =S= English const.i.tuency for which Simcoe sat, 15.