The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 72

James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. =Bib.=: _Narrative of a Journey Round the World_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Cel. Can._; Bryce, _Manitoba_ and _Hudson's Bay Company_; McLeod, _Peace River_.

=Simpson, John= (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorks.h.i.+re, England.

Elected to the Legislative a.s.sembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town of Niagara, and sat for the same const.i.tuency until 1864. Member of the Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; a.s.sistant auditor-general, 1864-1878. =Index=: =B= Retires from ministry with Foley and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Simpson, Miss Mary.= =Hd= Nelson's admiration for, 244.

=Simpson, Thomas= (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July, 1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a pa.s.sage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. =Index=: =MS= His explorations of Arctic coast, 225. =Bib.=: _Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829_. For biog., _see_ Simpson, _Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson_.

=Simultaneous Polling.= =E= Provided for by law in 1874, existed some years previously in Nova Scotia, 133.

=Sinclair, Colonel.= =Hd= Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, 161, 163.

=Sioux Indians.= A western tribe, occupying the country between the west end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about 1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the _Jesuit Relations_ of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature, they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. =Index=: =Hd= Offer to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, _Travels through the Interior Part of North America_; Schoolcraft, _Indian Tribes of the United States_; Catlin, _North American Indians_; Hodge, _Handbook of American Indians_.

=Sitka.= Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. =Bib.=: McCormick, _Geographic Dictionary of Alaska_.

=Six Friends.= =F= Flags.h.i.+p of Phipps, 281.

=Six Nations.= =Dr= Their grievances, 5. =S= Lands allotted to, on Grand River, 74. =Hd= Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152; Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258; party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. =Bib.=: _See_ Iroquois.

=Skelton, Rev. Thomas.= =Dr= Step-father of Carleton, 29.

=Skinner, Charles N.= =T= Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, 85, 109.

=Slafter, E. F.= =Ch= His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. =Bib.=: Memoir on Champlain in _Voyages of Champlain_ (Prince Society). Edited _Voyages of Northmen to America_ (Prince Society); _Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_ (Prince Society).

=Slavery.= =Hd= Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes advertised in Quebec, 246. =B= George Brown's lifelong opposition to, xi, 1-2, 111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. =S= Prohibition of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. _See also_ Negroes. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Withrow, _The Underground Railway_ (R. S. C., 1902); Jack, _Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick_ (R. S.

C., 1898); Smith, _Slavery in Canada_ (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); _L'Esclavage en Canada_ (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, _History of Canada_.

=Small, James E.= =Mc= Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.

=Small, John E.= =S= Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John White, attorney-general, 181. =BL= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 134; Const.i.tutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; elected in 1844, 253. =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Smallpox.= =Dr= Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. =Hd= Discussion on, in Quebec _Gazette_, 228-231. _See also_ Vaccination.

=Smith, Colonel.= =S= Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, 179.

=Smith, Adam= (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published his great work, _The Wealth of Nations_. =Index=: =Sy= His economic views receive attention, 11. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Smith, Sir Albert James= (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick.

Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856.

Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the attorney-generals.h.i.+p, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866.

Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878.

Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G., 1878. =Index=: =T= Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns, 1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines chief-justices.h.i.+p, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. =H= Leader of Anti-Confederate government in New Brunswick, 179. =B= His ministry resigns, owing to action of Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on Confederation question, 188. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Hannay, _History of New Brunswick_.

=Smith, Goldwin= (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of English and const.i.tutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to Canada, 1871; and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the Council of Public Instruction. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie, 3; on the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view of parliamentary government under Const.i.tutional Act, 54, 55. =B= His connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of National Club, 237; attacked by the _Globe_, 237-238; his reply, 238-239. =Md= Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion, 240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. =Bib.=: Works: _Three English Statesmen_; _Lectures on the Study of History_; _Canada and the Canadian Question_; _Cowper_; _Essays on Questions of the Day_; _A Trip to England_; _Life of Jane Austen_; _The Moral Crusader_; _Oxford and Her Colleges_; _Shakespeare the Man_; _Guesses at the Riddle of Existence_; _Irish History and the Irish Question_; _The United Kingdom_; _The United States_; _Labour and Capital_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; Dent, _Can. Por._; Denison, _The Struggle for Imperial Unity_; and his _Reminiscences_, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.

=Smith, Sir Henry= (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted, 1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada.

=Index=: =E= Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.

Can._; Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Smith, H. W.= =Index=: =H= Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,--goes to England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. =Bib.=: Campbell, _History of Nova Scotia_.

=Smith, James= (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench, Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. =Index=: =BL= Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel.

Can._

=Smith, Sydney= (1771-1845). =Sy= On Conservative reaction in England, 11; on Lord John Russell, 55. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat. Biog._

=Smith, William= (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale, 1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763 appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council, 1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office until his death. =Index=: =Hd= His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; his ultra-English sentiments, 315. =Dr= Chief-justice of Canada, 224; his position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all British North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative Council, 269. =S= His plan for a union of all British possessions in North America, 5. =Bib.=: Morgan, _Cel. Can._; _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Smith, William O.= =T= Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.

=Smuggling.= =S= Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of New York, 106, 107. =Bk= Promoted between United States and Canada by United States Embargo Act, 109. =Dr= From New England into Canada, 57.

=Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.= =S= a.s.sists the church of England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.

=Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de= (1565-1612). At the urgent solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful protector to s.h.i.+eld the infant colony of New France from rival intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain, his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Conde. =Index=: =Ch= a.s.sumes direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Soleil d'Afrique.= =L= French vessel, 219. =F= French frigate, brings supplies, 319

=Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of= (1804-1885). Sat in House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. =Index=: =B= On committee on Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. =Bib.=: _Dict. Nat.

Biog._

=Somerville, Alexander= (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time editor of the _Canadian Ill.u.s.trated News_. Present as a volunteer at the battle of Ridgeway. =Bib.=: Works: _Diligent Life_; _Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of Canada_. For biog., _see_ Rattray, _The Scot in British North America_.

=Sorel.= A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778, in view of another possible American invasion. =Index=: =WM= Two French frigates load stores at, 243. =Dr= Name of, changed to William Henry, 240. =L= Fort erected at, 53. =Hd= Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, 259, 298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for their courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255; Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=Souart, De.= =F= Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents bell to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.

=Souel, Father.= =L= Dies a martyr, 62.

=Sovereign Council.= =F= Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized, 105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. =L= Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France, 78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166; deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconst.i.tuted and enlarged, 165; question as to t.i.tle of president, 166. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Frontenac_ and _Old Regime_.

=Spain.= =Dr= Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. =Hd= Her rule in Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81; Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. =D= Lacked genius for colonization, 4.

=Special Council of Lower Canada.= =Sy= Summoned to consider question of union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272; pa.s.ses ordinance for establishment of munic.i.p.al inst.i.tutions, 273, 276; pa.s.ses bill for registry of t.i.tles, 278; established board of works, with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_.

=Speedy.= =Bk= Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.

=Spence, R.= =E= Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.

=Spencer, John Charles, third Earl= (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, 1804, and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. =Index=: =Sy= Chancellor of the exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; declines governors.h.i.+p of Canada, 58. =W= His death, 37. =Bib.=: _Dict.

Nat. Biog._

=Spragge, John G.o.dfrey= (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England.

Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School, York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body, 1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836; master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844; vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. =Bib.=: Read, _Lives of the Judges_; Dent, _Can. Por._

=Springer, Judge.= =R= Graduate of Victoria College, 143.