Christianity - The First Three Thousand Years Part 30

42 Bireley, Bireley, The Refas.h.i.+oning of Catholicism The Refas.h.i.+oning of Catholicism, 162; see pp. 725 and 728.

43 Ibid., 162. Ibid., 162.

44 R. J. Morgan, 'Jesuit Confessors, African Slaves and the Practice of Confession in Seventeenth Century Cartagena', in K. J. Lualdi and A. T. Thayer (eds.), R. J. Morgan, 'Jesuit Confessors, African Slaves and the Practice of Confession in Seventeenth Century Cartagena', in K. J. Lualdi and A. T. Thayer (eds.), Penitence in the Age of Reformations Penitence in the Age of Reformations (Aldershot, 2000), 222-39. On Loanda (Luanda), Hastings, 124. (Aldershot, 2000), 222-39. On Loanda (Luanda), Hastings, 124.

45 Sundkler and Steed, 318. Sundkler and Steed, 318.

46 Ibid., 51. Ibid., 51.

47 Hastings, 124-5. Hastings, 124-5.

48 J. K. Thornton, J. K. Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641-1718 (Madison, 1983), esp. 63-8. (Madison, 1983), esp. 63-8.

49 Sundkler and Steed, 59-60. See the definitive study by J. K. Thornton, Sundkler and Steed, 59-60. See the definitive study by J. K. Thornton, The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706 The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-1706 (Cambridge, 1998). (Cambridge, 1998).

50 D. de Gois, D. de Gois, Fides, religio, moresque Aethiopum Fides, religio, moresque Aethiopum (Louvain, 1540); I am grateful to Thomas Earle for drawing this to my attention. (Louvain, 1540); I am grateful to Thomas Earle for drawing this to my attention.

51 On the Jesuit explorer Pedro Paez Xaramillo, SJ, see J. Reverte, On the Jesuit explorer Pedro Paez Xaramillo, SJ, see J. Reverte, Dios, el Diablo y la Aventura Dios, el Diablo y la Aventura (Barcelona, 2001). (Barcelona, 2001).

52 Hastings, 136-60. On nude baptisms, S. Munro-Hay, Hastings, 136-60. On nude baptisms, S. Munro-Hay, Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide Ethiopia, the Unknown Land: A Cultural and Historical Guide (London, 2002), 51, and on iconography, ibid., 56. (London, 2002), 51, and on iconography, ibid., 56.

53 For a study of this circular process, see J. L. Matory, For a study of this circular process, see J. L. Matory, Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomble Black Atlantic Religion: Tradition, Transnationalism, and Matriarchy in the Afro-Brazilian Candomble (Princeton, 2005). (Princeton, 2005).

54 B. E. Schmidt, 'The Presence of Vodou in New York City: The Impact of a Caribbean Religion on the Creolization of a Metropolis', in G. Collier and U. Fleischmann (eds.), B. E. Schmidt, 'The Presence of Vodou in New York City: The Impact of a Caribbean Religion on the Creolization of a Metropolis', in G. Collier and U. Fleischmann (eds.), A Pepper-pot of Cultures: Aspects of Creolization in the Caribbean A Pepper-pot of Cultures: Aspects of Creolization in the Caribbean, Matatu Matatu, 27-8 (2003), 213-34, esp. 219.

55 L. Cabrera, L. Cabrera, El monte: (Igbo - Finda; Ewe Orisha. Vit.i.ti Nfinda: notas sobre las religiones, la magia, las supersticiones y el folklore de los negros criollos y el pueblo de Cuba El monte: (Igbo - Finda; Ewe Orisha. Vit.i.ti Nfinda: notas sobre las religiones, la magia, las supersticiones y el folklore de los negros criollos y el pueblo de Cuba (Miami, 1975), 231-3, 243-6. Oya is also known as Iansa in Brazil. I am very grateful to Bettina Schmidt for directing me to this source. (Miami, 1975), 231-3, 243-6. Oya is also known as Iansa in Brazil. I am very grateful to Bettina Schmidt for directing me to this source.

56 L. Hurbon, L. Hurbon, Voodoo: Truth and Fantasy Voodoo: Truth and Fantasy (London, 1995), 161, 77. (London, 1995), 161, 77.

57 D. J. Cosentino (ed.), D. J. Cosentino (ed.), Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou Sacred Arts of Haitian Vodou (Los Angeles, 1995), 246-59, 264-5; J. Hainard and P. Mathez (eds.), (Los Angeles, 1995), 246-59, 264-5; J. Hainard and P. Mathez (eds.), Vodou: A Way of Life Vodou: A Way of Life (Geneva, 2007), 29. (Geneva, 2007), 29.

58 C. R. Boxer, C. R. Boxer, The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770 The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770 (Baltimore, 1978), 82; on Canada, cf. e.g. L. Campeau, (Baltimore, 1978), 82; on Canada, cf. e.g. L. Campeau, La mission des Jesuites chez les Hurons 1634-1650 La mission des Jesuites chez les Hurons 1634-1650 (Montreal, 1987), Ch. 16, esp. 298, 302. (Montreal, 1987), Ch. 16, esp. 298, 302.

20: Protestant Awakenings (1600-1800) 1 Handy, 6-13. For useful sceptical comment on the Brazil and Florida ventures, see J. McGrath, 'Polemic and History in French Brazil, 1555-1560', Handy, 6-13. For useful sceptical comment on the Brazil and Florida ventures, see J. McGrath, 'Polemic and History in French Brazil, 1555-1560', SCJ SCJ, 27 (1996), 385 - 97.

2 N. Matar, N. Matar, Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery (New York, 1999), 9, 20, 53. See also discussion of Protestant anti-papal rhetoric in relation to Islam in L. Jardine, 'Gloriana Rules the Waves: Or, the Advantage of Being Excommunicated (and a Woman)', (New York, 1999), 9, 20, 53. See also discussion of Protestant anti-papal rhetoric in relation to Islam in L. Jardine, 'Gloriana Rules the Waves: Or, the Advantage of Being Excommunicated (and a Woman)', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 14 (2004), 209-22, at 209-10, 216.

3 J. Maltby, ' "The good old way": Prayer Book Protestantism in the 1640-50s', in R. Swanson (ed.), J. Maltby, ' "The good old way": Prayer Book Protestantism in the 1640-50s', in R. Swanson (ed.), The Church and the Book The Church and the Book ( (SCH, 38, 2004), 233-56; L. Gragg, 'The Pious and the Profane: The Religious Life of Early Barbados Planters', Historian Historian, 62 (2000), 264-83. I am grateful to Judith Maltby for pointing me to this reference.

4 Ahlstrom, 136. Ahlstrom, 136.

5 Handy, 20; on North Africa, Matar, Handy, 20; on North Africa, Matar, Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery Turks, Moors and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery , 84-92. , 84-92.

6 An absorbing study of White's ministry in Dorchester and its implications for America is D. Underdown, An absorbing study of White's ministry in Dorchester and its implications for America is D. Underdown, Fire from Heaven: The Life of an English Town in the Seventeenth Century Fire from Heaven: The Life of an English Town in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1992). (London, 1992).

7 F. Bremer, F. Bremer, John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father John Winthrop: America's Forgotten Founding Father (Oxford, 2003). (Oxford, 2003).

8 A. Zakai, 'The Gospel of Reformation: The Origins of the Great Puritan Migration', A. Zakai, 'The Gospel of Reformation: The Origins of the Great Puritan Migration', JEH JEH, 37 (1986), 584-602, at 586-7.

9 Ahlstrom, 146-7. I am grateful to Francis Bremer for our discussions on this point. Ahlstrom, 146-7. I am grateful to Francis Bremer for our discussions on this point.

10 F. J. Bremer, F. J. Bremer, Congregational Communion: Clerical Friends.h.i.+p in the Anglo-American Puritan Community, 1610-1692 Congregational Communion: Clerical Friends.h.i.+p in the Anglo-American Puritan Community, 1610-1692 (Lebanon, NH, 1994). (Lebanon, NH, 1994).

11 S. Hardman Moore, S. Hardman Moore, Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home (New Haven and London, 2007), esp. 143-7. (New Haven and London, 2007), esp. 143-7.

12 J. B. Bell, J. B. Bell, The Imperial Origins of the King's Church in Early America, 1607-1783 The Imperial Origins of the King's Church in Early America, 1607-1783 (Houndmills and New York, 2004), 30-32. The 'King's Chapel', which still exists, turned Unitarian in the 1780s, in circ.u.mstances described in Ahlstrom, 388, and uses a remarkable version of Cranmer's Prayer Book, edited to remove any reference to the Trinity. (Houndmills and New York, 2004), 30-32. The 'King's Chapel', which still exists, turned Unitarian in the 1780s, in circ.u.mstances described in Ahlstrom, 388, and uses a remarkable version of Cranmer's Prayer Book, edited to remove any reference to the Trinity.

13 M. Wins.h.i.+p, M. Wins.h.i.+p, Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Ma.s.sachusetts, 1636-1641 Making Heretics: Militant Protestantism and Free Grace in Ma.s.sachusetts, 1636-1641 (Princeton, 2002). (Princeton, 2002).

14 P. Bonomi, P. Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society and Politics in Colonial America (New York and Oxford, 1986), 20, 23, 34. (New York and Oxford, 1986), 20, 23, 34.

15 Handy, 46. Handy, 46.

16 M. Baldwin Weddle, M. Baldwin Weddle, Walking in the Way of Peace: Quaker Pacifism in the 17th Century Walking in the Way of Peace: Quaker Pacifism in the 17th Century (Oxford, 2001), 122-31, 162-5. (Oxford, 2001), 122-31, 162-5.

17 E. H. Ash, ' "A note and a caveat for the merchant": Mercantile Advisors in Elizabethan England', E. H. Ash, ' "A note and a caveat for the merchant": Mercantile Advisors in Elizabethan England', SCJ SCJ, 33 (2002), 1-31, at 27-9.

18 The command to Adam is at Genesis 1.28. R. W. Cogley, The command to Adam is at Genesis 1.28. R. W. Cogley, John Eliot's Mission to the Indians before King Philip's War John Eliot's Mission to the Indians before King Philip's War (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 5 - 6, 8, 12-18, 22, 40, 51. (Cambridge, MA, 1999), 5 - 6, 8, 12-18, 22, 40, 51.

19 See P. Harrison, ' "Fill the Earth and Subdue it": Biblical Warrants for Colonization in Seventeenth Century England', See P. Harrison, ' "Fill the Earth and Subdue it": Biblical Warrants for Colonization in Seventeenth Century England', JRH JRH, 29 (2005), 3-24, esp. 4, 13-14, 22.

20 R. Strong, 'A Vision of an Anglican Imperialism: The Annual Sermons of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 1701-1714', R. Strong, 'A Vision of an Anglican Imperialism: The Annual Sermons of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 1701-1714',JRH, 30 (2006), 175-98.

21 B. Wood, B. Wood, Slavery in Colonial America, 1619-1776 Slavery in Colonial America, 1619-1776 (Lanham, MD, 2005), 4. (Lanham, MD, 2005), 4.

22 Handy, 70. Handy, 70.

23 Sundkler and Steed, 65. Sundkler and Steed, 65.

24 D. Armitage, ' "That excellent forme of Government": New Light on Locke and Carolina', D. Armitage, ' "That excellent forme of Government": New Light on Locke and Carolina', TLS TLS, 22 October 2004, 14-15.

25 J. Butler, J. Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 140-41. (Cambridge, MA, 1990), 140-41.

26 A lively treatment of this theme, although missing other ways in which New York might also foreshadow darker American legacies, is R. Shorto, A lively treatment of this theme, although missing other ways in which New York might also foreshadow darker American legacies, is R. Shorto, The Island at the Centre of the World: The Untold Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Founding of New York The Island at the Centre of the World: The Untold Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Founding of New York (London, 2004), esp. 337-56. (London, 2004), esp. 337-56.

27 Bonomi, Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven Under the Cope of Heaven, 23.

28 The Amish take their name from their founder, Jakob Amman, a Swiss leader of the Anabaptists known as Mennonites, who in 1693 broke with other Mennonite groups. The Amish take their name from their founder, Jakob Amman, a Swiss leader of the Anabaptists known as Mennonites, who in 1693 broke with other Mennonite groups.

29 Bonomi, Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven Under the Cope of Heaven, 36.

30 A fine summary of a life's work on later Stuart Britain is J. Miller, A fine summary of a life's work on later Stuart Britain is J. Miller, An English Absolutism? The Later Stuart Monarchy 1660-88 An English Absolutism? The Later Stuart Monarchy 1660-88 (Historical a.s.sociation New Appreciations in History, 30, 1993). (Historical a.s.sociation New Appreciations in History, 30, 1993).

31 A useful perspective is J. F. Bosher, 'The Franco-Catholic Danger, 1660-1715', A useful perspective is J. F. Bosher, 'The Franco-Catholic Danger, 1660-1715', History History, 79 (1994), 5-30.

32 S. Lachenicht, 'Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Ident.i.ties, 1548- 1787', S. Lachenicht, 'Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Ident.i.ties, 1548- 1787', HJ HJ, 50 (2007), 309-31, at 310. The Morisco expulsions of 1609 from Spain were about twice as numerous: see p. 590.

33 An excellent narrative of this and what follows is T. Harris, An excellent narrative of this and what follows is T. Harris, Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685-1720 Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685-1720 (London, 2006). (London, 2006).

34 Judith Maltby suggests to me that he may have derived this strategy from the similar earlier Catholic toleration in Maryland: see pp. 729-30. Judith Maltby suggests to me that he may have derived this strategy from the similar earlier Catholic toleration in Maryland: see pp. 729-30.

35 On the balance of forces in Scotland, see Harris, On the balance of forces in Scotland, see Harris, Revolution Revolution, 382-90. For the Williamite Crown's largely successful efforts to insinuate moderation into the new Presbyterian establishment, see R. K. Frace, 'Religious Toleration in the Wake of Revolution: Scotland on the Eve of Enlightenment (1688 -1710s)', History History, 93 (2008),355 -75.

36 T. Claydon, T. Claydon, William III and the G.o.dly Revolution William III and the G.o.dly Revolution (Cambridge, 1996), 4-6, 28-33, 83-7. McClelland, 231-5; see also R. Woolhouse, (Cambridge, 1996), 4-6, 28-33, 83-7. McClelland, 231-5; see also R. Woolhouse, Locke: A Biography Locke: A Biography (Cambridge, 2008). (Cambridge, 2008).

37 There is a huge and still-growing literature on Foxe's There is a huge and still-growing literature on Foxe's Book of Martyrs Book of Martyrs, whose actual short t.i.tle is Acts and Monuments Acts and Monuments. The most up-to-date way to comprehend the subject is the article by T. S. Freeman, 'Foxe, John', in ODNB ODNB.

38 The cla.s.sic exposition of British self-understanding and imperial expansion is L. Colley, The cla.s.sic exposition of British self-understanding and imperial expansion is L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven and London, 1992). (New Haven and London, 1992).

39 M. Jasanoff, 'Collectors of Empire: Objects, Conquests and Imperial Self-fas.h.i.+oning', M. Jasanoff, 'Collectors of Empire: Objects, Conquests and Imperial Self-fas.h.i.+oning', PP PP, 184 (August 2004), 109-36, esp. 123-5. On the French Revolution, see pp. 806-11.

40 A masterly gathering of all the strands is W. R. Ward, A masterly gathering of all the strands is W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge, 1992). (Cambridge, 1992).

41 For examples of vestigial or persistent monasteries in Lutheran lands, see O. Chadwick, For examples of vestigial or persistent monasteries in Lutheran lands, see O. Chadwick, The Early Reformation on the Continent The Early Reformation on the Continent (Oxford, 2001), 163, 168-9. (Oxford, 2001), 163, 168-9.

42 Ward, Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening The Protestant Evangelical Awakening, 61-3.

43 Hope, 131-46; on correspondents, B. Hindmarsh, Hope, 131-46; on correspondents, B. Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England (Oxford, 2005), 74. (Oxford, 2005), 74.

44 Ibid., esp. 58-9, 164. Ibid., esp. 58-9, 164.

45 C. Rymatzki, C. Rymatzki, Hallischer Pietismus und Judenmission: Johann Heinrich Callenbergs Inst.i.tutum Judaic.u.m und dessen Freundenkreis (1728-1736) Hallischer Pietismus und Judenmission: Johann Heinrich Callenbergs Inst.i.tutum Judaic.u.m und dessen Freundenkreis (1728-1736) (Tubingen, 2004), esp. 408-10, 450 - 52. (Tubingen, 2004), esp. 408-10, 450 - 52.

46 P. Williams, P. Williams, The Life of Bach The Life of Bach (Cambridge, 2004), 38-47. (Cambridge, 2004), 38-47.

47 Hope, 186. Hope, 186.

48 Williams, Williams, The Life of Bach The Life of Bach, 171-3, 178-81.

49 Hope, 246. Hope, 246.

50 Hindmarsh, Hindmarsh, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative The Evangelical Conversion Narrative, 164-5.

51 On the 'side-hole', C. D. Atwood, 'Zinzendorf's 1749 Reprimand to the On the 'side-hole', C. D. Atwood, 'Zinzendorf's 1749 Reprimand to the Brudergemeine Brudergemeine', Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society Transactions of the Moravian Historical Society, 27 (1996), 59-84, at 66-7, 71, and for the postscript, see ibid., 74, 81. See also C. D. Atwood, 'Interpreting and Misinterpreting the Sichtungszeit', in M. Brecht and P. Peucker (eds.), Neue Aspekte der Zinzendorf-Forschung Neue Aspekte der Zinzendorf-Forschung (Gottingen, 2006), 179-87, at 183. I am grateful to Jonathan Yonan for pointing me to these articles. (Gottingen, 2006), 179-87, at 183. I am grateful to Jonathan Yonan for pointing me to these articles.

52 B. Singh, B. Singh, The First Protestant Missionary to India: Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, 1683- 1719 The First Protestant Missionary to India: Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg, 1683- 1719 (Oxford, 1999), esp. on inter-faith dialogue, 100-145; see also Koschorke et al. (eds.), 49-53. (Oxford, 1999), esp. on inter-faith dialogue, 100-145; see also Koschorke et al. (eds.), 49-53.

53 J. C. S. Mason, J. C. S. Mason, The Moravian Church and the Missionary Awakening in England, 1760-1800 The Moravian Church and the Missionary Awakening in England, 1760-1800 (London, 2001), esp. 125-42, 179-92. (London, 2001), esp. 125-42, 179-92.

54 For the usage of this term in relation to anglophone movements after 1730, which is particularly confusing for German-speakers accustomed to a.s.sociating the description For the usage of this term in relation to anglophone movements after 1730, which is particularly confusing for German-speakers accustomed to a.s.sociating the description evangelisch evangelisch with Lutheranism, see good discussion in D. Bebbington, with Lutheranism, see good discussion in D. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (London, 1989) 1-19. (London, 1989) 1-19.

55 D. Berman, D. Berman, A History of Atheism in Britain from Hobbes to Russell A History of Atheism in Britain from Hobbes to Russell (London, 1988), 35-7. (London, 1988), 35-7.

56 For a London example, see M. Byrne and G. R. Bush (eds.), For a London example, see M. Byrne and G. R. Bush (eds.), St Mary-le-Bow: A History St Mary-le-Bow: A History (Barnsley, 2007), 8, 181-2. (Barnsley, 2007), 8, 181-2.

57 T. Isaacs, 'The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners 1688-1738', T. Isaacs, 'The Anglican Hierarchy and the Reformation of Manners 1688-1738', JEH JEH, 33 (1982), 391-411.

58 A splendid introduction to Wesley from the present doyen of British Methodist scholars.h.i.+p is J. Walsh, A splendid introduction to Wesley from the present doyen of British Methodist scholars.h.i.+p is J. Walsh, John Wesley: 1703-1791. A Bicentennial Tribute John Wesley: 1703-1791. A Bicentennial Tribute (London, 1993). (London, 1993).

59 H. D. Rack, H. D. Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism Reasonable Enthusiast: John Wesley and the Rise of Methodism (London, 1989), 48-9. (London, 1989), 48-9.

60 Wesley's Journal, 24 May 1738: W. R. Ward and R. P. Heitzenrater (eds.), Wesley's Journal, 24 May 1738: W. R. Ward and R. P. Heitzenrater (eds.), Journals and Diaries I (1735-38) Journals and Diaries I (1735-38) ( (Works of John Wesley, 18, 1988), 249-50.

61 Rack, Rack, Reasonable Enthusiast Reasonable Enthusiast, 264-7.

62 J. Cruickshank, ' "Appear as Crucified for me": Sight, Suffering, and Spiritual Transformation in the Hymns of Charles Wesley', J. Cruickshank, ' "Appear as Crucified for me": Sight, Suffering, and Spiritual Transformation in the Hymns of Charles Wesley', JRH JRH, 30 (2006), 311-30.

63 The tunes are 'fuguing' because, like the musical form called the fugue, they play off musical themes against each other. The tunes are 'fuguing' because, like the musical form called the fugue, they play off musical themes against each other.

64 This great hymn offered much inspiration to composers: besides the fuguing tune 'Cranbrook', there is the magnificent 'Lyngham' and the intricate though non-fuguing 'Lydia'. Arguably the greatest fuguing tune, worthy of a Beethoven symphony, is 'Sagina', for Charles Wesley's 'And can it be that I should gain an interest in the Saviour's blood!' This great hymn offered much inspiration to composers: besides the fuguing tune 'Cranbrook', there is the magnificent 'Lyngham' and the intricate though non-fuguing 'Lydia'. Arguably the greatest fuguing tune, worthy of a Beethoven symphony, is 'Sagina', for Charles Wesley's 'And can it be that I should gain an interest in the Saviour's blood!'

65 F. Baker, F. Baker, John Wesley and the Church of England John Wesley and the Church of England (London, 1970), esp. 319. (London, 1970), esp. 319.

66 Letter of 1739: W. R. Ward and R. P. Heitzenrater (eds.), Letter of 1739: W. R. Ward and R. P. Heitzenrater (eds.), Journals and Diaries II (1738-43) Journals and Diaries II (1738-43) ( (Works of John Wesley, 19, 1990), 67.

67 For approaches to the cla.s.sic but dubious 'Weber-Tawney thesis', see Further Reading, p. 1128. For John Wesley and self-improvement, see p. 795. For approaches to the cla.s.sic but dubious 'Weber-Tawney thesis', see Further Reading, p. 1128. For John Wesley and self-improvement, see p. 795.

68 A. Stott, A. Stott, Hannah More: The First Victorian Hannah More: The First Victorian (Oxford, 2004). (Oxford, 2004).

69 M. Snape, M. Snape, The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotten History of the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the Eve of the First World War The Redcoat and Religion: The Forgotten History of the British Soldier from the Age of Marlborough to the Eve of the First World War (London, 2005), esp. 7-68. (London, 2005), esp. 7-68.

70 R. G.o.dbeer, R. G.o.dbeer, Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of 1692 (Oxford, 2005); E. Laplante, (Oxford, 2005); E. Laplante, Salem Witch Judge: The Life and Repentance of Samuel Sewall Salem Witch Judge: The Life and Repentance of Samuel Sewall (New York, 2007), 199-201. (New York, 2007), 199-201.

71 For a fine exposition of the origins and importance of open-air Scottish Eucharists for revival, see L. E. Schmidt, For a fine exposition of the origins and importance of open-air Scottish Eucharists for revival, see L. E. Schmidt, Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period Holy Fairs: Scottish Communions and American Revivals in the Early Modern Period (Princeton, 1989). (Princeton, 1989).

72 M. J. Coalter Jr, 'The Radical Pietism of Count Nicholas Zinzendorf as a Conservative Influence on the Awakener, Gilbert Tennent', M. J. Coalter Jr, 'The Radical Pietism of Count Nicholas Zinzendorf as a Conservative Influence on the Awakener, Gilbert Tennent', CH CH, 49 (1980), 35-46.

73 Heaven is a world of love Heaven is a world of love (1738): W. H. Kimnach, K.P. Minkema and D.A. Sweeney (eds.), (1738): W. H. Kimnach, K.P. Minkema and D.A. Sweeney (eds.), The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader The Sermons of Jonathan Edwards: A Reader (New Haven and London, 1999), 272. (New Haven and London, 1999), 272.

74 For Edwards's setting in Reformed tradition, see D. A. Sweeney and B. G. Withrow, 'Jonathan Edwards: Continuator or Pioneer of Evangelical History?', in M. A. G. Haykin and K. J. Stewart (eds.), For Edwards's setting in Reformed tradition, see D. A. Sweeney and B. G. Withrow, 'Jonathan Edwards: Continuator or Pioneer of Evangelical History?', in M. A. G. Haykin and K. J. Stewart (eds.), The Emergence of Evangelicalism: Exploring Historical Continuities The Emergence of Evangelicalism: Exploring Historical Continuities (Nottingham, 2008), 278-301. (Nottingham, 2008), 278-301.

75 G. M. Marsden, G. M. Marsden, Jonathan Edwards: A Life Jonathan Edwards: A Life (New Haven and London, 2003), 160. (New Haven and London, 2003), 160.

76 Ibid., 264. Ibid., 264.

77 N. L. Rhoden, N. L. Rhoden, Revolutionary Anglicanism: The Colonial Church of England Clergy during the American Revolution Revolutionary Anglicanism: The Colonial Church of England Clergy during the American Revolution (Basingstoke, 1999), 24. (Basingstoke, 1999), 24.

78 Bonomi, Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven Under the Cope of Heaven, 119, 252-3.

79 A. D. Callahan, A. D. Callahan, The Talking Book: African Americans and the Bible The Talking Book: African Americans and the Bible (New Haven and London, 2006), esp. xiv, 41-8, and quotation at 237. Callahan points out that not all African-Americans, let alone Africans back home, could take Christianity seriously after its a.s.sociation with slavery: ibid., 42. (New Haven and London, 2006), esp. xiv, 41-8, and quotation at 237. Callahan points out that not all African-Americans, let alone Africans back home, could take Christianity seriously after its a.s.sociation with slavery: ibid., 42.

80 Handy, 156. Handy, 156.

81 On nakedness, K. Morgan, 'Slave Women and Reproduction in Jamaica, c. 1776-1834', On nakedness, K. Morgan, 'Slave Women and Reproduction in Jamaica, c. 1776-1834', History History, 91 (2006), 231-53, at 240-41. On Evangelicals, Africans and clothing, M. Vaughan, 'Africa and the Birth of the Modern World', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 16 (2006), 143-62, at 147-51.

82 C. Harline, C. Harline, Sunday: A History of the First Day from Babylonia to the Super Bowl Sunday: A History of the First Day from Babylonia to the Super Bowl (New York, 2006), 323-4. (New York, 2006), 323-4.