How Britannia Came to Rule the Waves Part 14

We must pa.s.s over one of the most memorable events of this reign, the capture of Quebec by General Wolfe, in which Captain Cook, then a master in the navy, first exhibited his talents and courage, and briefly describe an important naval action, that of Sir Edward Hawke in Quiberon Bay. The admiral sailed from Spithead early in June, 1759, with a powerful fleet to cruise off Brest and in soundings. Hence he despatched three small squadrons to scour the enemy's coast. In November a heavy gale compelled Sir Edward Hawke to take shelter in Torbay. During his absence M. de Conflans got safe into Brest with his squadron from the West Indies. Believing that the coast was clear, he again put to sea on the 14th of November, and on the same day the British fleet sailed from Torbay. The next day Captain McCleverty, in the _Gibraltar_, joined Sir Edward, with the information that he had seen the French fleet about twenty-four leagues to the north-west of Belleisle, steering to the south-east. Sir Edward immediately shaped a course for Quiberon Bay. A strong wind forced the fleet to leeward; it s.h.i.+fted, however, on the 19th to the westward. The _Maidstone_ and _Coventry_ frigates were ordered to look out ahead. The French admiral seeing them, sent some of his s.h.i.+ps in chase, but soon after perceiving the British fleet, he recalled them, and formed in order of battle. On the approach of the British s.h.i.+ps he crowded sail and pushed in for the land, not more than four or five leagues distant, in the hopes of entangling them among the rocks and shoals. In this he was disappointed, as the van s.h.i.+ps of the English fleet were close up to his rear at half-past two o'clock, and in a few minutes the engagement became general. The _Formidable_, carrying the flag of the French rear-admiral, was closely engaged by the _Resolution_, and having to sustain the fire of every s.h.i.+p that pa.s.sed, was obliged to strike, he and 200 of his men being killed. Lord Howe, in the _Magnanime_ attacked the _Thesee_, but the _Montague_ running foul of the former so much disabled her, that she fell astern. Captain Keppel, in the _Torbay_, then attacked the _Thesee_, when a sudden squall coming on, the lower-deck ports of the latter s.h.i.+p not being closed, she filled and instantly sank. The _Superbe_ shared a similar fate alongside of the _Royal George_. Lord Howe having got clear, bore down and attacked the _Hero_ so furiously that he soon compelled her to strike. During the night, which proved very boisterous, she drove on sh.o.r.e and was lost.

The enemy then endeavoured to make their escape; some succeeded, but several got ash.o.r.e, as did the _Ess.e.x_ and _Resolution_, but their crews were saved. The French admiral's s.h.i.+p, the _Soleil Royal_, had in the dark anch.o.r.ed in the midst of the British fleet, on discovering which he cut his cable, when he drove ash.o.r.e. On the weather moderating the boats of the squadron were sent in to destroy the French s.h.i.+ps. The _Soleil Royal_ was set on fire by her own crew, and the _Hero_ by the British boats. _La Juste_, of 70 guns, was also wrecked, but seven of the French s.h.i.+ps, by throwing overboard their guns and stores, escaped into the river Yillaine.

The remnant of this fleet, under M. de Thurot, a celebrated privateer commander, escaped out of Dunkirk for the purpose of making a descent on the northern coast of England or Ireland. After taking shelter during the winter on the coast of Norway, he appeared with three frigates before the town of Carrickfergus, which he attacked and laid under contribution. Having supplied his s.h.i.+ps with such necessaries as they were in need of, he re-embarked his men and took his departure. At that time Captain John Elliot, who was lying at Kinsale in the _Aeolus_, with the _Pallas_ and _Brilliant_ under his command, on hearing that M. de Thurot was on the coast, put to sea, and fortunately came up with him off the Isle of Man. A close action was maintained for an hour and a-half, when the gallant Thurot and a large number of his men being killed, the three frigates struck their colours. His own s.h.i.+p, the _Marechal Belleisle_, was so shattered that it was with difficulty she could be kept afloat. _La Blonde_ and _Terpsich.o.r.e_ were added to the British Navy.

The French at this time built a number of vessels on a new construction, to which they gave the name of prames. They were about a hundred feet long, quite flat-bottomed, and capable of carrying four or five hundred men. They were to be employed in transporting troops over for the invasion of England. Admiral Rodney fell in with and destroyed a number of them off Havre-de-Grace.

During this year the French took 330 s.h.i.+ps from the English, whereas the English took only 110 from the French. In reality, however, the gain was on the side of Great Britain, the French s.h.i.+ps captured being chiefly large privateers and rich armed merchantmen, while those England lost were mostly coasters and colliers. The trade of France, also, was almost annihilated, and she in consequence employed the greater part of her seamen in small privateers, which swarmed in the channel, the vessels they captured being of like value.

George the Second had the satisfaction of seeing the arms of England everywhere prospering, when on the 27th of October, 1760, he breathed his last, in the thirty-third year of his reign and the seventy-seventh of his age.

Gallant as were the officers and brave as were the men of the navy, they were generally rough in their manners, and ignorant of all matters not connected with their profession. So they continued for many years, till the naval college was established, and schoolmasters were placed on board s.h.i.+ps to afford the mids.h.i.+pmen instruction. It could scarcely have been otherwise, considering the early age at which young gentlemen were sent to sea, when they had had barely time to learn more than reading, writing, and arithmetic, while comparatively few had afterwards time or opportunity to improve themselves. Practices were allowed on board s.h.i.+p which would not have been tolerated in Elizabeth's days.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN.

GEORGE THE THIRD--FROM A.D. 1760 TO A.D. 1782.

On George the Third coming to the throne in 1760 he found the nation still at war with France.

Among the gallant men actively employed at this time, whose names were long as household words both in the navy and on sh.o.r.e, were Lord Anson, Sir Edward Hawke, Admiral Rodney, Captain Alexander Hood, Commodore Keppell, Captain Faulkner, Captain the Honourable Keith Stuart, Captain Richard Howe, afterwards Earl Howe, Captains Shuldham, Sir Hugh Palliser, the Honourable John Byron, Peter Parker, and Samuel Barrington.

The fleets of England were at this time distributed much, as at the present time, under flag-officers. The Nore, the Channel Fleet, the Mediterranean, Lisbon, North America, Newfoundland, the West Indies, the Leeward Islands, Jamaica, the East Indies, and occasionally on the coast of Africa.

We have numerous proofs that British seamen gained their victories as much by their proficiency in gunnery and their activity as by their strength and courage. Of this there are numberless instances, among others the following. In 1761, on the evening of the 13th of August, the _Bellona_, of 74 guns, and a crew of 550 men, Captain Robert Faulkner, and the _Brilliant_, a 36-gun frigate, Captain James Logie, on their pa.s.sage from Lisbon to England, being off Vigo, came in sight of three large s.h.i.+ps. The strangers were the French 74-gun s.h.i.+p _Courageux_, of 700 men, and the 36-gun frigates _Hermione_ and _Malicieuse_. In consequence of seeing the British s.h.i.+ps through the magnifying medium of a hazy atmosphere, they concluded that they were both line of battle s.h.i.+ps, and dreading the issue of an engagement, took to flight. Captain Faulkner on this, suspecting them to be enemies, immediately made sail in chase, and kept them in sight all night. At daylight the next morning he and his consort were about five miles from the two s.h.i.+ps, when the largest, throwing out a signal, took in her studding-sail, wore round, and stood for the _Bellona_. The two frigates at the same time closed, and at six brought the _Brilliant_ to action. Captain Logie determined to find so much for them to do that the _Bellona_ should have the _Courageux_ to herself. So vigorously did he work his guns that the frigates received such injury in their sails and rigging as to be compelled to sheer off to repair damages. As the water was smooth and a light wind only blowing, the contest become one of simple gunnery. At half-past six the _Bellona_ was closely engaged with the French 74. In nine minutes both their mizen-masts fell overboard, while the _Bellona's_ braces, shrouds, and rigging were much cut up. Captain Faulkner, fearing that the enemy would seize the opportunity to sheer off, gave orders for immediately boarding, but the _Courageux_, falling athwart the bow of his s.h.i.+p, rendered this impracticable. The _Bellona_ might now have been seriously raked fore and aft, but Captain Faulkner immediately set all his studding-sails to wear the s.h.i.+p round, when the crew flew to their guns on the side now opposed to the enemy, from which they fired away with so much rapidity for twenty minutes as almost to knock the _Courageux_ to pieces, while the two frigates were unable, in consequence of the gallant way in which they were kept at bay by Captain Logie, to render her any a.s.sistance.

Unable to withstand this unremitting fire, the _Courageux_ hauled down her colours, her crew crying for quarter. The two frigates on this bore away and got off. Considerable as was the damage done to the _Bellona_ in her rigging, she had suffered very little in the hull, and had lost only 6 killed and 25 wounded; while the _Courageux_ had her foremast and bowsprit alone standing, her decks torn up in several places, and large breaches made in her sides; 220 of her men being killed, and half that number wounded, among whom was her captain, Dugue L'Ambert. The _Brilliant_ lost her master and 5 men killed and 16 wounded. The _Courageux_ had on board 8500 pounds in specie. She was carried by her captor into Lisbon to be refitted, and was added to the British Navy under the same name. Proverbially thoughtless as are British seamen, they have ever shown themselves equally kind and generous to those in distress. On this occasion the French crew being found dest.i.tute of means for their support when at Lisbon, a subscription was raised on board the _Bellona_ and _Brilliant_, as well as among the merchants on sh.o.r.e, to enable them to return to France.

Still further improvements being made in Mr Harrison's timekeeper for finding the longitude at sea, the _Deptford_, of 50 guns, was sent out with the inventor on board. She made the island of Maderia at the exact time which he pointed out, and from thence proceeded to Jamaica, making that island with equal accuracy. On his return he found that the instrument had lost only 1 minute, 54 and a half seconds.

This year also the experiment for coppering s.h.i.+ps' bottoms as a preservation against worms was introduced into the Royal Navy, and tried on the _Alarm_ frigate, of 32 guns.

Another act of humanity deserves to be recorded. In November, 1762, Captain Clarke, commanding the _Sheerness_, of 24 guns, being closely pursued by five French s.h.i.+ps of war, took refuge in the neutral bay of Villa Franca. One of the enemy's s.h.i.+ps, _La Minerva_, continued the pursuit, and by way of bravado running in between the _Sheerness_ and the land, attempted to anchor. In doing this she was driven on the rocks, and the sea running high was soon dashed to pieces. On this, although the other four s.h.i.+ps were approaching, Captain Clarke, with much humanity, sent in his boats, and saved the greater part of her crew, twenty-five only peris.h.i.+ng, although the whole would otherwise have been lost. Struck by this generous act, the French commodore went on board the _Sheerness_ to thank Captain Clarke for the relief he had offered his distressed countrymen.

To the credit of the Spaniards, it must be told how they on another occasion exhibited much good-feeling. Two s.h.i.+ps, the _Lord Clive_ and _Ambuscade_, had been sent out to attack the Spanish settlements on the River Plate in South America. During the action the first blew up; her commander, and the whole crew, excepting seventy-eight, peris.h.i.+ng.

They, escaping the flames, swam to the sh.o.r.e, when instead of being looked upon as enemies who came to plunder the settlement, the Spaniards treated them with the greatest tenderness, and furnished them with clothes and every necessary refreshment.

On the 6th of June, 1762, Lord Anson died, and was succeeded as First Lord of the Admiralty by the Earl of Halifax.

The king's s.h.i.+ps were especially fortunate in their captures this year.

In the Mediterranean a rich Spanish s.h.i.+p from Barcelona, with 100,000 dollars on board, was taken; and the _Active_ frigate, Captain Sawyer, and the _Favourite_ sloop of war, Captain Pownall, while on a cruise off Cadiz, captured the _Hermione_, a large Spanish register s.h.i.+p from Lima.

She was the richest prize made during the war, the net proceeds of her cargo amounting to 519,705 pounds, 10 s.h.i.+llings. The admiral received 64,000 pounds; the captain of the _Active_, 65,000 pounds; three commissioned officers of that s.h.i.+p, 13,800 pounds each; eight warrant officers, 4000 pounds each; twenty petty officers, 1800 pounds each; and each seaman and marine, 485 pounds. The officers and crew of the _Favourite_ received in the same proportion. On arriving at Portsmouth the treasure was sent up to London in twenty waggons, decorated with the British colours flying over those of Spain, and escorted by a party of seamen. At Hyde Park corner they were joined by a troop of light horse, and proceeded through the city, amidst the acclamations of the people, to the Tower.

The Seven Years' War with France and Spain was now brought to a conclusion, and peace was signed at Fontainebleau on the 3rd of November. England was now possessed of the most powerful fleet in the world, while her resources were comparatively undiminished. By means chiefly of her navy, she had gained the whole of the provinces of Canada, the islands of Saint John and Cape Breton, the navigation of the river Mississippi, and that part of Louisiana which lies on the east of that river, the town of New Orleans excepted, permission to cut logwood and to build houses in the Bay of Honduras, and the province of Florida--though she had to restore the Havannah and its dependencies to Spain, as well as Martinico, Guadaloupe, Marie Galante, and Saint Lucia to France--while she was to retain the Grenadas and Grenadines, with the neutral islands of Dominica, Saint Vincent, and Tobago. In Europe she regained the island of Minorca and gave up that of Belleisle. In Africa she retained Senegal and restored Goree. In Asia all her conquests made from France were restored, with the restriction that France was not to erect fortifications in the province of Bengal, and the fortifications of Dunkirk were to be demolished.

Popular as had been the war, Parliament had only voted 70,000 men for the navy, though in order that each s.h.i.+p should have had her full complement, fully 85,000 men would have been required. Many s.h.i.+ps, indeed, went to sea imperfectly manned; the proper number of the crews being often made up of men sent from the jails, and landsmen carried off by the press-gangs. The s.h.i.+ps themselves were also of a very inferior character.

Up to this time all 80-gun s.h.i.+ps were three-deckers, but after 1759 no more were built. The building also of 70 and 60 gun s.h.i.+ps was discontinued about the same period. The finest s.h.i.+ps were those taken from the French and added to the Royal Navy. The first English 80-gun s.h.i.+p on two decks was the _Caesar_, launched in 1793.

The Marine Society at the peace came to the resolution of receiving and making provision for all boys under sixteen years of age who had been, or might be, discharged from his majesty's service, by putting them out apprentices in the merchant-service. 295 boys made application for employment, and were provided for.

A body of sailors presented a pet.i.tion to the king requesting to have the D's, placed against their names for deserter, taken off. His majesty granted the request to all who had again entered on board a king's s.h.i.+p.

It appears that the whole number of seamen and marines employed during the war amounted to 184,893. Of these, only 1512 had been killed in action or by accident, while 133,700 had either died by sickness or were missing--probably, had deserted. Thus, on the books of the Navy Office but 49,673 remained. Of these, all except 16,000 were paid off at the peace. To pay them, Parliament granted 832,000 pounds; to pay the officers, including those on half-pay, 398,000 pounds.

In 1764 Mr Harrison's chronometer was again tried on board the _Tartar_ frigate, commanded by Captain John Lindsay, who reported most favourably on it.

This year the officers of his majesty's navy were directed to act as custom-house officers on the coast of America, as well as in the British Channel, but, from the complaints made, the Admiralty released them from a service which they considered as degrading to their situation.

On the 3rd of July his majesty's s.h.i.+p _Dolphin_, of 20 guns, commanded by the Honourable John Byron, and the _Tamer_ sloop of war, 14 guns, Captain Mouat, sailed from Plymouth on a voyage of discovery. On her return in 1766 the _Dolphin_ was again despatched, under the command of Captain Samuel Wallis, and the _Swallow_ sloop of war, Captain Carteret, was ordered to accompany her till she should have got through the Straits of Magellan.

In 1768 a pump, invented by Mr Coles in 1764, was tried on board the _Seaford_ frigate in Portsmouth harbour, and it was found that with four men it pumped out a ton of water in 43 and a half seconds; with two men, in 55 seconds; and when choked with s.h.i.+ngle ballast, it was cleared in 4 minutes: while the old pump, with seven men, pumped out one ton of water in 76 seconds.

Early this year the Royal Society presented a memorial to his majesty, expressing a wish that proper vessels might be appointed to sail to the southward to observe the transit of Venus over the disc of the sun. The Admiralty accordingly, for this service, purchased the _Endeavour_ barque, and placed her under the command of Lieutenant James Cook. Mr Charles Green was appointed astronomer, and Mr Banks and Dr Solander embarked on board her.

In the month of June, 1769, a French frigate having anch.o.r.ed in the Downs without paying the usual compliment to the British flag, Captain John Hollwell, the senior officer there, in the _Apollo_ frigate, sent on board to demand the customary salute. The French captain refused to comply, upon which Captain Hollwell ordered the _Hawke_ sloop of war to fire two shots over her, when the Frenchman thought proper to salute.

In 1771 Admiral Sir Charles Knowles obtained his majesty's permission to enter into the service of the Empress of Russia as admiral of her fleet.

Though high payments were promised him, it appears that he was very inadequately rewarded. On his return in 1774, he found some difficulty in being reinstated to his rank as admiral.

A machine, invented by Dr Lynn, for making salt water fresh, was tried on board the _Resolution_ at Deptford with great success, in consequence of which the Admiralty directed all s.h.i.+ps of war to be fitted with a still and the necessary apparatus.

In 1772 Captain James Cook, who had lately returned, undertook a second voyage of discovery in the Pacific, on board the _Resolution_, accompanied by Captain Furneaux in the _Adventure_.

We now come to the first outbreak of hostilities with the revolted provinces of North America. At Rhode Island, his majesty's schooner _Gaspee_, commanded by Lieutenant Duddingstone, was attacked in the night by 200 armed men in eight boats, who, notwithstanding the defence made by her commander, seized the vessel, when he and several of his people were wounded, and the rebels taking out the crew, set her on fire.

In 1773 Lord Howe presented a pet.i.tion to the House of Commons in behalf of the captains in the navy, soliciting an increase of half-pay. It was carried by a great majority, and two s.h.i.+llings a-day were added to the half-pay. The pay of surgeons was also increased, as was that of masters.

It was now evident that the ministry expected to be plunged into war.

On the 26th of April the guard-s.h.i.+ps were ordered to take on board six months' provisions, to complete their complement of men, and to prepare for sea. All the s.h.i.+ps of war reported fit for service were got ready to be commissioned, rendezvous were opened for the raising of seamen, and a proclamation issued by his majesty offering bounties of 3 pounds to every able seaman who should enter the navy, 2 pounds to an ordinary seaman, and 1 pound to a landsman. On the 22nd of June his majesty reviewed the fleet at Spithead, consisting of 20 sail of the line, 2 frigates, and a few sloops, when he was saluted by 232 guns. It was the first of many visits. He knighted several officers, others received promotion, and sums were distributed among the dockyard artisans, the crews of his yacht, the poor of Portsea and Gosport, and the prisoners confined for debt in Portsmouth jail.

Another voyage was undertaken to the North Pole in the hopes of discovering a pa.s.sage to the East Indies. The _Racehorse_ and _Carca.s.s_ bombs, commanded by the Honourable Captain Phipps--afterwards Lord Mulgrave--and Captain Lutwidge, were equipped for the enterprise, but, unable to penetrate the ice, returned in the same autumn. On board the _Racehorse_ sailed, in the capacity of captain's c.o.xswain, one who was ere long to make his name known to fame--Horatio Nelson.

His majesty's s.h.i.+p _Kent_, commanded by Captain Fielding, was nearly destroyed while saluting the admiral as she was sailing out of Plymouth Sound, the wadding from the guns having communicated with some powder in the ammunition-chest on the p.o.o.p. It blew up all the after-part of the s.h.i.+p, when most of the men on the p.o.o.p were blown overboard, 50 of whom being killed or dreadfully wounded.

On the 29th of June, 1775, the Hibernian Marine Society in Dublin was inst.i.tuted for maintaining and educating the children of decayed, reduced, or deceased seamen, and apprenticing them to the sea-service.

The news arrived of a conflict between the revolted provinces and a detachment of the king's troops at Lexington, when the latter were compelled to retire with considerable loss into the town of Boston.

This was followed by the attack on Bunker's Hill on the 17th of June, when the British also lost a number of officers and men, and the flame of war now began to blaze over the whole of the continent. The incidents, however, of the American war of independence cannot but be briefly touched on. A fleet under Lord Shuldham and Commodore Sir Peter Parker was sent to blockade the princ.i.p.al naval ports, and both parties fitted out small vessels on Lake Champlain to carry on the contest. The English squadron was under the command of Captain Pringle, who found the Americans drawn up in an advantageous position to defend the pa.s.sage between the island of Valicour and the main. As the enemy was to windward, he was unable to work up his large vessels, so that his gunboats and a schooner were alone engaged. He, however, succeeded in sinking the largest American schooner and a smaller vessel. At night, he called off the vessels engaged, and anch.o.r.ed his fleet in line, to be ready for an attack the next morning. General Arnold, who commanded the American squadron, finding it inferior, availed himself of the darkness of the night, and withdrew towards Crown Point. Captain Pringle followed him on the 13th, when another action ensued, and continued for two hours, the Americans being dispersed, leaving the _Was.h.i.+ngton_ galley, with General Waterburn on board, in the hands of the British; others were run on sh.o.r.e and burnt by their own crews, the remainder effecting their escape to Ticonderoga.

Letters of marque and reprisal were now granted by the Admiralty against the thirteen revolted provinces. On the 18th of March the French king issued an edict to seize all British s.h.i.+ps in the ports of France, and on the 13th of April a squadron of French s.h.i.+ps of war under the command of the Comte D'Estaing sailed for North America. It was not, however, till the 5th of June that an English fleet under Admiral Byron was sent out in quest of it. The English fleet was dispersed by a heavy gale, when Admiral Byron alone succeeded in reaching the American coast. He found the French squadron already at anchor in the neighbourhood of New York.

Admiral Keppel was now appointed to the command of the Channel Fleet, and soon afterwards the _Milford_ captured the _Licorne_, a French frigate of 32 guns, which, with three others, had been found reconnoitring the fleet. The _Arethusa_ and _Alert_ cutters pursued the other French vessels, and at night came up with the _Belle Poule_, when the first action of this war ensued, celebrated in song. Captain Marshall informed her commander that his orders were to conduct him to the British admiral, with which the French captain peremptorily refused to comply. Captain Marshall then fired a shot over her, which was instantly returned by a broadside from the _Belle Poule_. A desperate engagement took place, and continued with great obstinacy for two hours, by which time they were close in with the French coast. The _Belle Poule_ then stood in to a small bay, from whence a number of boats came out and towed her into a place of safety. The _Arethusa's_ main-mast fell over the side, and she was otherwise so disabled that it was with the utmost difficulty she could clear the land. The next morning she was towed back to the fleet by the _Valiant_ and _Monarch_.

"The Arethusa."

Come, all you jolly sailors bold, Whose hearts are cast in honour's mould, While English glory I unfold, Huzza to the _Arethusa_!

She is a frigate, tight and brave, As ever stemm'd the das.h.i.+ng wave; Her men are staunch To their favourite launch; And when the foe shall meet our fire, Sooner than strike we'll all expire On board of the _Arethusa_.

'Twas with the spring fleet she went out The English Channel to cruise about, When four French sail in show so stout Bore down on the _Arethusa_.