How Britannia Came to Rule the Waves Part 16

The French are supposed to have lost 3000 men killed, and double that number wounded, for, besides the s.h.i.+ps' crews, the fleet had on board 5500 troops. It was said that at the time the _Ville de Paris_ struck there were but three men left alive and unhurt on the upper deck, and that the Comte de Gra.s.se was one of the three.

A story is told of a female sailor who fought in the action. While the battle was raging, one of the crew of a gun being wounded and sent below, a woman took his place. After the action she was brought before the admiral, when it was discovered that she was the sailor's wife, and had been concealed on board. She declared that she thought it her duty to supply her husband's place, and fight the French. Rodney threatened her for a breach of the rules, but privately sent her a purse of ten guineas.

A few days afterwards the admiral detached Sir Samuel Hood in chase of the crippled French s.h.i.+ps, when two more were captured in the same gallant way by Captain Goodall of the _Valiant_. A frigate of 32 guns and a sloop of 16 were also taken.

For this action Sir George Rodney was created a peer of Great Britain; Sir Samuel Hood a peer of Ireland; and Admiral Drake and Commodore Affleck were made baronets.

These actions must be taken merely as examples of what the navy was about at that time.

Towards the end of 1782, negotiations for a general peace were set on foot, and it was finally concluded early in the following year.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN.

GEORGE THE THIRD--FROM WAR WITH REPUBLICAN FRANCE, A.D. 1792, TO END OF A.D. 1802.

We will briefly run over a few events which occurred previous to the breaking out of the first revolutionary war.

On May the 29th, 1782, the _Royal George_, of 100 guns, being heeled over at Spithead to repair a pipe which led under water, the lower-deck guns having been run out, the water rushed with such rapidity in at the port-holes that she filled and sank--Rear-Admiral Kempenfeldt, with more than half his officers, and four hundred persons, peris.h.i.+ng, many of them the wives and children of the seamen and marines on board.

We are apt to consider that the uniform of the navy differed greatly from the army; but in an order dated the 11th of January, 1783, admirals, vice-admirals, and rear-admirals were directed to wear coats very similar to those worn by generals, lieutenant-generals, and major-generals respectively, in the army, with the exception of the crown and anchor b.u.t.tons.

In the month of June, 1785, his Royal Highness Prince William Henry, who had now served his time as a mids.h.i.+pman, pa.s.sed his examination, and was appointed third lieutenant of the _Hebe_ frigate, of 40 guns.

In 1785 a debate arose in the House of Commons on the propriety of repairing the old 64-gun s.h.i.+ps, and also suffering s.h.i.+ps of war to remain in ordinary with the copper on their bottoms. Captain Macbride thought that the 64-gun s.h.i.+ps should be either broken up or sold, and recommended in future none less than seventy-fours to be built for the line of battle. He also pointed out the mischievous effects that might ensue in suffering s.h.i.+ps to be laid up with their copper on, alleging that the copper would in time corrode the bolts; in consequence of which the s.h.i.+ps' bottoms might drop out. He had examined a coppered s.h.i.+p under repair, and found the bolts corroded and eaten away. s.h.i.+ps had, however, before this time, been fastened with copper bolts, and probably those seen by Captain Macbride were either iron bolts cased only with copper or composition.

The supplies granted by Parliament for the sea-service for the year 1789 amounted to 2,328,570 pounds.

On the 24th of November, 1787, the _Bounty_, of 215 tons, commanded by Lieutenant William Bligh, sailed from Spithead, for the Pacific Ocean, to obtain a supply of the bread-fruit tree. On the 28th of April, 1789, some of his officers and crew mutinied, and took possession of the s.h.i.+p, casting the commander and those who remained firm to him adrift in an open boat. The hardihood and judgment he displayed in conducting his boat's crew across the Pacific to Batavia are well known.

Many useful contrivances have been invented by inferior officers of the navy. Among others, Mr Hill, the carpenter of the _Active_, invented a machine for drawing bolts out of s.h.i.+ps' sides. He also invented a method for stopping shot-holes.

In 1791 some experiments were made on board a s.h.i.+p in Portsmouth Harbour, when he stopped a shot-hole on the outside of the s.h.i.+p, four feet under water, in the s.p.a.ce of one minute, without the a.s.sistance of any person out of the vessel. He stopped in the same manner a s.p.a.ce in the s.h.i.+p's side, four feet under water, of four feet by four inches, in two minutes and a-half. During the time of effectually curing both leaks, the s.h.i.+p made only ten inches water in the well.

He also invented a wheel to work the chain-pump, which was much safer and less liable to get out of order than that before in use.

The French Revolution broke out in 1792. On the 21st of the following January, the French beheaded their king, Louis the Sixteenth; in consequence of which the French amba.s.sador at the court of London was ordered to quit England. A short time before this the new Republic had exhibited its hostile spirit against England, and on the 2nd of January a shot had been fired from one of the batteries near Brest on the British 16-gun brig-sloop _Childers_. Though a 48-pounder shot struck her, no one was hurt.

On the 1st of February the National Convention declared war against Great Britain and the United Netherlands.

England at this time possessed nominally 135 s.h.i.+ps of war in commission, and 169 in ordinary or under repair; 21 building or ordering to be built, and 86 harbour-s.h.i.+ps; making in all 411 s.h.i.+ps of 402,555 tons.

Of these there was one of 100 guns, 12-pounders, of 2091 tons, in commission; two of 100 guns, 18-pounders, under repair; and two of 100 guns, 12-pounders, under repair. Of second-rates there were four 98-gun s.h.i.+ps in commission, and eleven under repair; of 90-gun s.h.i.+ps there was one under repair. Of two-deckers third-rate there was one 80-gun s.h.i.+p in commission and one under repair. Of seventy-fours there were 19 in commission and 61 under repair. Of sixty-fours there were only two in commission and 30 under repair, making a total of 113 line-of-battle s.h.i.+ps. There were 75 frigates either in commission or under repair; but 23 of these carried 28 guns only. Of the most useless cla.s.s of s.h.i.+ps in the service, the 24 and 20 gun post-s.h.i.+ps, there were 12 in commission or under repair. Of 18-gun s.h.i.+p-sloops and gun brigs there were altogether 40. Besides these there were 25 bomb fire-s.h.i.+ps and cutters, either in commission or under repair, making a total of 304 vessels, exclusive of those building; but of these probably some were unseaworthy, and of those building or ordered to be built, many were not in a state to be launched for two or more years. However, in consequence of the expected rupture between Spain and Russia, in the previous two or three years upwards of 60 line-of-battle s.h.i.+ps were in a condition speedily to go to sea, while the dockyards were well-stocked with imperishable stores. Thus, in a few weeks, 200 cruisers were commissioned and fit for use.

At that time we had admirals 17, vice-admirals 19, rear-admirals 19, post-captains 446, commanders 136, lieutenants 1417, and masters 197.

The number of seamen and marines, including officers of all ranks, voted by Parliament for the service of the current year, was 45,000.

Portugal and Naples, who joined England, had the first six s.h.i.+ps of the line and four frigates, and the latter four 74-gun s.h.i.+ps.

The Spanish navy amounted to 204 vessels, 76 of which were of the line, carrying from 112 to 60 guns.

The Dutch navy at this time, though amounting nominally to 119 vessels, from a 74-gun s.h.i.+p to the smallest armed cutter, was of little use to England, a large number of the s.h.i.+ps lying rotting in the different harbours, and those able to put to sea being of comparatively small size, and carrying but light guns.

The navy of France amounted to 250 vessels, of which 82 were of the line, nearly three-fourths in a serviceable state; and immediately on the outbreak of war, 71 new s.h.i.+ps were laid down, including 25 of the line, and orders given to cast 400 bra.s.s 36-pounder carronades, the first guns of the kind employed by the French. One of the former was to mount 130 guns, and several old small-cla.s.s seventy-fours were cut-down and converted into the most formidable frigates that had hitherto been seen.

Such was the French navy, with which the fleet of England was about to contend, not only for the dominion of the seas, but to protect the hearths and homes of the people from foreign invasion. Such, from the aggressive character of the French people, was the danger, it was soon seen, most to be apprehended. Never had the royal dockyards been so busy. Squadrons had to be sent off to reinforce stations at a distance from home, and to protect our colonies. Some months, therefore, elapsed before a fleet could be got ready to cope with the enemy. As soon as the s.h.i.+ps could be fitted out, they were placed under the command of Admiral Lord Howe, who, on the 24th of July, set sail from Spithead with 15 s.h.i.+ps of the line and a few frigates and sloops. For some weeks he cruised about in search of the French fleet, being joined in the meantime by more s.h.i.+ps, till he had upwards of 30 under his command.

He, however, was compelled to return to Spithead without meeting them.

In the meantime Lord Hood had proceeded to the Mediterranean and taken possession of Toulon. Before, however, we describe the events which took place there, we will follow Lord Howe, who, on the following May, received information that a valuable French convoy was expected from the West Indies, and guessing that the enemy's fleet would sail out for their protection, put to sea in the hopes of intercepting them. His force now consisted of 26 sail of the line and 13 frigates and sloops.

On the morning of the 28th, being about 140 leagues west of Ushant, the enemy were discovered at some distance to windward. On their perceiving the British fleet, they bore down in loose order, but soon after hauled again to the wind, and began to form in order of battle. Several of the British s.h.i.+ps, at a considerable distance to windward of the fleet, approached the enemy's rear. Lord Howe then made the signal for a general chase, and to engage the enemy. Rear-Admiral Pasley, of the _Bellerophon_, towards the close of the day, got up with the rear-s.h.i.+p of the enemy's line, a three-decker, on which he commenced a firm and resolute attack, supported occasionally by the s.h.i.+ps in his division.

The _Bellerophon_, being soon disabled, fell to leeward. The _Audacious_ came up just at that time, and continued to engage the same s.h.i.+p for two hours without intermission, when the enemy's mizen-mast fell overboard, her lower yards and main-topsail yards shot away, and otherwise much shattered. The _Audacious_, however, having her rigging and sails cut to pieces, and the s.h.i.+p being for some time unmanageable, was unable to follow the Frenchman, who put before the wind and escaped.

The night being dark, Captain Parker lost sight of the fleet, and being in too disabled a state to rejoin, was compelled to bear away for the channel. The next day a partial engagement took place between the two hostile fleets, which resulted in the British obtaining the weather-gage.

On the morning of the 1st of June, both fleets being drawn up in order of battle, at half-past seven Lord Howe made the signal for both fleets to bear up, and for each s.h.i.+p to engage her opponent in the enemy's line. In a short time a tremendous cannonade commenced from van to rear, which raged with unceasing fury for about an hour. The enemy's line having been forced through in many places, they began to give way, and their admiral, vigorously attacked by the _Queen Charlotte_, bore up, and was followed by all those of his s.h.i.+ps that were able to carry sail, leaving the rest, which were dismasted and crippled, at the mercy of their enemies. Upon the clearing up of the smoke, eight or ten French s.h.i.+ps were seen, some totally dismasted and others with only one mast standing, endeavouring to make off under their sprit-sails. Seven of these were taken possession of; one, _Le Vengeur_, sank before the whole of her crew could be taken out, not more than 280 being saved. A distant and irregular firing was continued at intervals between the fugitive and British s.h.i.+ps till about four in the afternoon, when the French admiral, having collected most of his remaining s.h.i.+ps, steered off to the eastward. The _Queen Charlotte_ had lost both her topmasts, the _Marlborough_ and _Defence_ were wholly dismasted, and many of the other s.h.i.+ps materially damaged. Earl Howe, therefore, brought to, in order to secure the prizes and collect his s.h.i.+ps before dark. The loss sustained by the British in this action amounted to 281 killed and 788 wounded. Among the first was Captain James Montague of the _Montague_, while three admirals and four captains were severely wounded. The killed on board the enemy's s.h.i.+ps that were captured amounted to 690, and 580 wounded, exclusive of 320 lost in _Le Vengeur_ when she sank, the greater number of whom were wounded.

So important was this action considered, that on the return of the fleet to Spithead, the king himself came down to Portsmouth and personally presented Lord Howe with a sword; while various honours were bestowed upon the princ.i.p.al officers engaged, gold medals being struck to commemorate the glorious victory of the 1st of June; a liberal subscription being opened likewise for the relief of the wounded officers, seamen, and marines, and also the widows and children of those who fell in the action.

This victory early in the war was of the greatest consequence, as it raised the spirits and confidence of the British, while it proportionably depressed the enemy, and proved the prelude of that succession of victories which at length crushed the power of France and secured the safety of England.

After the English had held Toulon for some time, in consequence of the large force of republicans collected round the city, it was found impossible to retain it. Several thousand French royalists having been embarked, it was resolved to destroy the a.r.s.enal and s.h.i.+ps of war. This dangerous task was undertaken by Sir Sidney Smith, having under his command three English and three Spanish gunboats and a tender, with the _Vulcan_ fire-s.h.i.+p. He proceeded into the harbour at dark; the fire-s.h.i.+p was first placed across the outer men-of-war in such a position that she was certain to do effectual execution. Scarcely had the signal been made for setting the trains on fire, than the flames rose in all directions; a magazine, filled with pitch, tar, tallow, oil, and hemp, was quickly in a blaze; while the guns of the fire-s.h.i.+p went off in the direction the enemy were approaching. The destruction would have been more complete had not the Spaniards set fire to two s.h.i.+ps laden with powder, which they had been directed to sink; on board one of them, the _Isis_ frigate, there were some thousand barrels. In a few moments the explosion took place; the air was filled with ma.s.ses of burning timber, which fell in all directions, and two of the British boats were destroyed. The crew of one was taken up, but in the other, Lieutenant Young, with three men, perished, and many were badly wounded.

Notwithstanding this, Sir Sidney and his brave companions destroyed ten of the enemy's s.h.i.+ps of the line in the a.r.s.enal, with the mast-house, the great storehouse and other buildings.

After this, Lord Hood proceeded to Hieres Bay, leaving a small squadron to cruise before Toulon. Unfortunately, the _Moselle_, Captain Bennet, on her return from Gibraltar, pa.s.sed through them, and not knowing that the place was evacuated, entered the harbour and was captured.

Some time after this, Captain Samuel Hood, in the _Juno_ frigate of 32 guns, who had been sent to Malta for supernumeraries for the fleet-- having been detained by a succession of foul winds--also ignorant of what had occurred, at ten in the evening stood into the outer road; not perceiving the fleet at anchor there, and concluding that they had taken shelter within the new harbour from a strong easterly gale which had lately been blowing, steered for it. Having no pilot on board, two mids.h.i.+pmen were stationed at each cathead to look out. Soon after, several lights were seen, which were supposed to be those of the fleet.

The _Juno_ accordingly stood on under her topsails till she made out a brig which lay off Point Grandtour, when the captain, finding that he could not weather her, set more sail. The brig, as he approached, hailed; but no one understood what was said. Captain Hood, in reply, gave the name and nation of his s.h.i.+p, upon which the people on board the brig shouted "Viva!" and soon after some one cried out "Luff." The _Juno's_ helm on this was put a-lee, but before the s.h.i.+p came head to wind, she took the ground. Directly afterwards, a boat was observed to pull from the brig towards the town, but even then her object was not suspected. Happily, while the _Juno's_ people were still on the yards, a sudden flaw of wind taking the s.h.i.+p, drove her astern. To help her off, the driver and mizen-staysail were hoisted, and directly the s.h.i.+p lost her way, an anchor was let go, but she still touched the ground abaft. Accordingly, to get her off, the launch and cutter were ordered to carry out a kedge-anchor ahead. While the boats were still away, a boat from the sh.o.r.e came alongside, out of which several officers hurried on board. One of them informed Captain Hood that it was the commanding officer's orders that the s.h.i.+p should go into another branch of the harbour to perform ten days' quarantine. From some of the remarks now made, suspicions were aroused, and they were confirmed when, on a mids.h.i.+pman exclaiming, "Why, those are the national c.o.c.kades," the captain, looking at the Frenchmen's hats, discovered by the light of the moon the tricolours of the republicans. The captain again asking where Lord Hood's squadron lay, one of the French officers replied, "Soyez tranquilles. Les Anglais sont des braves gens; nous les traiterons bien. L'Amiral Anglais est sorti il y a quelque temps."

"Be calm. The English are brave people; we will treat them well. The English admiral sailed some time ago."

It may easily be conceived what were Captain Hood's feelings on hearing this. The alarming intelligence ran through the s.h.i.+p; some of the officers hurried aft to inquire if it were true. Happily, at this moment a flaw of wind came down the harbour, when Mr Welby, the third lieutenant, said to Captain Hood, "I believe, sir, that we shall be able to fetch out if we can get under sail." Captain Hood at once determined to try what could be done, and with great presence of mind immediately ordered the crew to their respective stations, and directed that the Frenchmen should be taken below. They at first began to bl.u.s.ter, but the marines appearing with their half-pikes, soon forced them down below. Such was the alacrity of the officers and crew, that in less than three minutes every sail in the s.h.i.+p was set, and the yards braced for casting. The cable, being hove short, was cut, the head sails filled, and the s.h.i.+p glided forward down the harbour. At the same time, her own boats and that of the Frenchmen were cut adrift, that they might not impede her progress. A favourable flaw of wind now coming, she got good way. The instant the brig saw the _Juno_ under sail, she and one of the forts began to fire on her, and presently all the other forts, as their guns could be brought to bear, opened fire. Still the frigate stood undauntedly on; as she approached Cape Serpet, it was feared that she would not be able to weather it without making a tack, but the wind s.h.i.+fting so as to admit her lying up two points, she sc.r.a.ped clear of the cape, under a heavy fire from the batteries. As soon as Captain Hood was able to keep the s.h.i.+p away, he opened a brisk fire on the enemy, which he kept up till half-past twelve, when, being out of shot, he ceased firing.

Notwithstanding the heavy cannonade the _Juno_ had pa.s.sed through, not a man on board her was hurt; and though two 36-pound shot had struck her, no material damage had been inflicted, nor had her rigging and sails suffered much injury. Two days afterwards the _Juno_ joined Lord Hood's fleet in the Bay of Hieres. The coolness and presence of mind which have been so often exhibited by British naval officers was signally displayed on this occasion; and when we recollect that the _Juno_ was actually within the enemy's port, full of armed vessels, with formidable batteries on either side of her, we must acknowledge that the feat she accomplished is unsurpa.s.sed in naval annals.

We must pa.s.s over the numerous gallant actions between small squadrons and single s.h.i.+ps. Great difficulties were experienced at this time in manning the navy; even the press-gangs failed to obtain a sufficient number of men. An Act was pa.s.sed, therefore, on the 15th of March, 1795, for raising 10,000 men in the several counties of England, and on the 16th of April another was pa.s.sed for procuring a supply from the several ports of Great Britain; and the more effectually to enforce the Act, an embargo was laid on all British s.h.i.+pping until the quota of men was raised. To encourage men to come forward, enormous bounties were offered by many of the counties and sea-ports, sometimes exceeding 30 pounds for each able seaman. An Act was also pa.s.sed to enable those who came forward voluntarily to allot part of their pay to the maintenance of their wives and families. Seamen also were allowed to forward letters home on the payment only of a penny; half-pay officers and widows of officers were enabled to obtain their pay or pensions free of charge.

Early in January of the next year Sir Sidney Smith, while in command of the _Diamond_ frigate, performed one of those exploits which made his name notorious. While attached to the squadron of Sir John Borlase Warren, he stood close into Brest, where he ascertained that the French fleet were at sea. As he was standing off, a corvette which was coming out of the harbour hove to and made a signal, which not being answered by the _Diamond_, she hauled her wind and worked in. Soon after this Sir Sidney pa.s.sed within hail of a line-of-battle s.h.i.+p at anchor. She appeared to have no upper-deck guns mounted, and to be very leaky. He asked her commander in French if she wanted any a.s.sistance; to which he answered, "No, that he had been dismasted in a heavy gale, and had parted with the French fleet three days ago." Some other conversation pa.s.sed, after which, Sir Sidney crowded sail and stood out to sea. So completely had he disguised his s.h.i.+p, that the Frenchman had not the slightest suspicion of her being an English man-of-war.

The following year, however, being on a cruise off Havre-de-Grace, he discovered a lugger in the outer road. Having taken her with the boats of his squadron, he attempted to tow her off, but the flood-tide setting strong in, he was compelled to anchor. In the night the cable either parted or was cut by one of the prisoners, when the lugger, driving a considerable way up the Seine, was attacked by several gunboats and other armed vessels; and Sir Sidney, after making a gallant resistance, was compelled to surrender. He was carried to Paris, and for long shut up in the Temple; but, with the aid of friends, he effected his escape from prison, and reaching Havre-de-Grace, put off in an open boat, when he was picked up by the _Argo_ frigate, and landed safe in Portsmouth on the 5th of March, 1798.

On the 1st of June, 1795, an alteration was made in the uniform of naval officers, which continued for many years afterwards. Those who can remember it can scarcely fail to consider it the most becoming worn at any time in the service. The rank of officers was now distinguished by epaulettes. An admiral wore two gold epaulettes, with three silver stars on each; a vice-admiral had two stars, and a rear-admiral one; a post-captain of above three years standing wore two gold epaulettes, under three years, one on the right shoulder, a master and commander, one on the left shoulder, captains wore blue lapels and cuffs, with lace as before, but on the undress coat neither lace nor embroidery.

On the 4th of June his majesty appointed seven superannuated or disabled lieutenants of the navy to be poor knights of Windsor. This inst.i.tution was founded by Samuel Travers, who, in 1724, left a residuary estate in trust for building or buying a house for their reception near the castle of Windsor, bequeathing to each knight 60 pounds per annum, 26 pounds of which is to be applied only for keeping them a constant table. The first knight was William Hogarth, whose commission bore the date of 1757, so that he had been nearly forty years a lieutenant; while the next three had been thirty years lieutenants.

In the same year the masters in the navy received an increase of half-pay, and their position was otherwise improved.

Towards the end of the year an improved system of telegraph, the invention of Lord George Murray, was introduced on several heights leading from the coast to London.