A Racial Study of the Fijians Part 4

Total sample 815 58-89 70.6 4.3 6.1 Interior 154 63-82 72.2 3.3 4.6 East 120 64-79 70.5 3.0 4.3 Coast 210 58-77 69.9 4.1 5.9 N.W. 79 61-89 69.7 8.7 12.5

Forehead breadth relative to total cranial width is 70.6 per cent. The greatest deviation from this average occurs in the interior where the fronto-parietal ratio is 72.2 per cent and lesser head breadth more than greater forehead width causes the higher index.

THE FACE

_Bizygomatic_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 110-164 145.7 5.0 3.4 Interior 154 110-163 145.8 6.3 4.3 East 120 137-161 146.7 4.3 2.9 Coast 210 128-164 145.2 4.9 3.4 N.W. 79 136-156 145.1 4.3 3.0 Fiji (Howells) 132 130-159 144.05 5.05 3.5 Solomons (Howells) 84 115-149 138.0 5.5 4.0 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 131-159 143.5 5.9 4.1

Broad faces are the rule among most of these people, as the total average of 145.7 mm. shows. Regional values for this criterion are closely alike in all parts of Fiji, the eastern showing a slight superiority in bizygomatic breadth.

Howells' Fiji series is slightly lower in this diameter as is the Tongan average. The Solomon Islands natives have definitely narrower faces.

_Cephalo-Facial_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 82-108 93.5 5.7 6.1 Interior 154 84-108 96.0 4.8 5.0 East 120 82-102 93.3 3.2 3.4 Coast 210 85-103 92.5 5.7 6.2 N.W. 79 80-104 92.6 6.4 7.3 Fiji (Howells) 132 85-111 93.7 3.5 3.7 Solomons (Howells) 84 85-111 95.4 3.8 4.0 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 85-103 92.8 3.5 3.7

Face breadth relative to head width averages 93.5 per cent for all Fijians; Howell's series is much the same. The narrower heads of the interior people largely account for their higher index; otherwise there is general similarity in the several provinces.

_Zygo-Frontal_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 64-100 75.5 3.0 3.9 Interior 154 64-98 75.4 3.2 4.2 East 120 68-99 75.5 2.5 3.3 Coast 210 66-100 75.5 3.1 4.1 N.W. 79 66-93 75.4 2.9 3.8 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-84 73.1 4.2 5.8

The ratio of forehead width to face breadth is 75.5. All of the regional averages for the zygo-frontal index are strikingly alike among the Fijians in every instance; the forehead is about three-quarters the breadth of the face. The Tongan ratio is a little lower.

_Total Face Height_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 100-147 122.5 6.0 4.9 Interior 154 103-137 121.3 5.6 4.6 East 120 110-147 124.7 5.8 4.7 Coast 210 107-142 122.6 6.1 5.0 N.W. 79 100-143 121.7 6.8 5.6 Fiji (Howells) 133 105-159 121.8 6.9 5.7 Solomons (Howells) 85 100-129 116.4 6.6 5.7 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 112-147 128.2 6.8 5.3

Fijian faces have the moderate average height of 122.5 mm. Slightly shorter faces occur in the interior people, whereas the greatest total face height average occurs in the east. The Fijian of Howells' series is close to mine. The Tongan value for face height describes them as definitely longer faced. The Solomon Islanders depart in the other direction with decidedly shorter faces.

_Total Facial Index_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 68-104 84.1 4.6 5.5 Interior 154 73-96 83.2 4.4 5.3 East 120 75-101 85.0 4.4 5.2 Coast 210 73-97 84.5 4.6 5.4 N.W. 79 68-104 83.9 5.6 6.7 Fiji (Howells) 132 74-105 84.7 5.0 6.0 Solomons (Howells) 84 74-97 84.5 4.4 5.2 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 78-102 89.3 4.4 5.0

Relative to maximum breadth, the Fijian face tends to shortness, although this is due largely to their generous facial breadth rather than absolute deficiency of height. The interior groups have the lowest values and the eastern groups show relatively broad faces.

The Tongan average is much higher than any of the Fijian values, whereas the Solomon Islanders show similarity to the Fijians in this feature.

_Upper Face Height_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 56-84 70.2 5.1 7.3 Interior 154 59-79 69.1 3.9 5.6 East 120 64-83 71.7 4.0 5.6 Coast 210 59-84 70.4 6.6 9.4 N.W. 79 58-80 69.4 4.8 6.9

The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.

_Upper Facial Index_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 37-65 48.2 3.7 7.7 Interior 154 41-65 47.4 3.3 7.0 East 120 42-59 48.9 2.9 5.9 Coast 210 40-59 48.5 4.8 9.9 N.W. 79 39-56 47.8 3.5 7.3

The ratio of the upper face height to maximum facial breadth shows the Fijians of the interior to be relatively shorter faced and the eastern people longest. The coastal and northwestern series are intermediate.

_Bigonial_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 95-146 109.7 5.1 4.6 Interior 154 95-146 109.8 6.0 3.6 East 120 97-125 110.6 5.1 4.6 Coast 210 95-129 109.9 5.3 4.8 N.W. 79 99-119 109.1 4.5 4.1 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 92-119 104.8 5.8 5.5

Lower jaw breadth as expressed by the bigonial diameter indicates a tendency to broadness shared with little variation among all the subgroups. The Tongan value is considerably smaller.

_Fronto-Gonial_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 80-122 99.9 5.5 5.5 Interior 154 84-122 100.0 6.0 6.0 East 120 86-115 99.9 5.3 5.3 Coast 210 80-114 100.3 6.0 6.0 N.W. 79 85-113 99.8 4.8 4.8

Similarly the bigonial diameter in relation to forehead breadth is much the same in all groups, the general average nearly 100 per cent.

_Zygo-Gonial_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 65-86 75.3 4.1 5.4 Interior 154 67-86 75.4 6.0 8.0 East 120 65-82 75.4 3.5 4.6 Coast 210 66-83 75.7 3.4 4.5 N.W. 79 68-83 75.2 3.4 4.5 Tonga (Sullivan) 116 63-87 73.2 4.6 6.2

Relative to face breadth, jaw width is 75.3 per cent with very little geographic variation.

_Nasal Height_

No. Range Mean S.D. C.V.

Total sample 815 42-65 53.9 3.4 6.3 Interior 154 45-65 53.2 3.5 6.6 East 120 48-62 54.7 3.1 5.7 Coast 210 46-63 54.1 3.4 6.3 N.W. 79 45-61 52.9 3.5 6.6 Fiji (Howells) 133 44-63 52.4 3.9 7.4 Solomons (Howells) 85 40-59 49.9 3.8 7.7 Tonga (Sullivan) 117 47-65 57.4 3.9 6.8

The Fijian nose may be called medium long. Greatest nasal heights occur in the eastern and in the coastal series. The interior and northwestern groups have shorter noses. The Fijians of Howells' series fall near the short end of my averages. Natives of the Solomons are definitely lower in nasal height, whereas the Tongan's average is so much higher that one suspects a difference in the location of the nasion.

_Nasal Breadth_