The War and Democracy Part 22

THE PHILOSOPHY OF VIOLENCE

BERNHARDI, _Germany and the Next War_ (2s.), has become familiar. But this is only one _application_ of a doctrine which has found expression in many spheres, as, for example, in the writings of the French Syndicalists, who claim to be copying the _methods_ of Capitalism, and the _principles_ of Bergson's philosophy--with what justification must be left to the reader to determine. See G. SOREL, _Reflexions sur la Violence_ (Paris, Marcel Riviere, 1910, 5 francs), and Sorel's other writings. "Bernhardi-ism" is, in fact, not a German product: it has been before the public for some years under the name of "militancy," in connection with various causes, though it has never been put into execution on so tremendous a scale as by the Prussian Government. Nor is its philosophical basis to be found only, if at all, in Nietzsche.

KULTUR

The insistence on "Culture" as the main factor in the life and development of peoples is to be found in practically every German history, and in a great many non-German writers. It has received an additional vogue from the development of the study of _Sociology_, which naturally seeks out, in tracing the development of societies in the past, the elements which lend themselves to measurement and description, and these are inevitably, from the nature of the evidence, rather "cultural" than moral. It would be invidious to mention instances.

EDUCATION

For Dr. SADLER'S articles see p. 119, above. See also PAULSEN, _German Education: Past and Present._ 1908. 5s. net.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMMONWEALTH

The best philosophical book on the relations of advanced and backward races is _The Basis of Ascendancy: a Discussion of certain Principles of Public Policy involved in the Development of the Southern States,_ by EDGAR GARDNER MURPHY (a clergyman living at Montgomery, Alabama) (1909, 6s. net).

Though written with reference to the peculiar American problem, the book has a far wider significance. There is no good book which covers the ground either on India or the British Empire. E.R. BEVAN'S little volume on _Indian Nationalism_ (2s. 6d. net) may be mentioned. An article on _India and the Empire_ in the _Round Table_ for September 1912 is also worth mention (and worth reprinting).

THE GREAT SOCIETY

WALLAS, _The Great Society_ (1914, 7s. 6d. net), and NORMAN ANGELL, _The Great Illusion_ (1910, 2s. 6d. net), are the standard works--the former as a psychologist and a philosopher, the latter as a pamphleteer with a very acute vision within a limited field.

INTERNATIONAL LAW

See LINDSAY, _The War against War_ (Oxford pamphlets, 2d.), a model of clear argument, so far as it goes. Also ALISON PHILLIPS, _The Confederation of Europe: A Study of the European Alliance, 1813-1823, as an Experiment in the International Organisation of Peace,_ (1914, 7s. 6d. net), the best book on the Congress of Vienna and the problems connected with it, especially on the subject of an International Tribunal and Universal Peace.

The Prime Minister's speeches will be familiar. See also Mr. Roosevelt's pamphlet on the United States and the Hague Convention (Newnes, 2d.).

MONROE DOCTRINE

See an article by L.S. ROWE in the _Political Quarterly,_ October 1914.

THE END