The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 100

A. aNNUA, L. Tall, much branched; leaves 2-pinnately divided, the oblong segments deeply pinnatifid; heads small, in a loose ample panicle.--Ind.

to Kan. (Nat. from Old World.)

-- 3. _Receptacle hairy; flowers all fertile, the marginal ones pistillate._

A. ABSiNTHIUM, L. (WORMWOOD.) Rather shrubby (2--3 high), silky-h.o.a.ry; leaves 2--3-pinnately parted, lobes lanceolate; heads hemispherical, panicled.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. A. frigida, Willd. Low (6--20' high), in tufts, slightly woody at the base, white-silky; leaves pinnately parted and 3--5-cleft, the divisions narrow-linear; heads globose, racemose.--Dry hills and rocks, Sask. to Minn., W. Tex., and westward.

72. TUSSILaGO, Tourn. COLTSFOOT.

Head many-flowered; ray-flowers in several rows, narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile; disk-flowers with undivided style, sterile.

Involucre nearly simple. Receptacle flat. Achenes cylindrical-oblong; pappus copious, soft and capillary.--A low perennial, with horizontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simple scaly scapes in early spring, bearing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves later in the season, woolly when young. Flowers yellow.

(Name from _tussis_, a cough, for which the plant is a reputed remedy.)

T. FaRFARA, L.--Wet places, and along brooks, N. Eng., N. Y., and Penn.; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. PETASTES, Tourn. SWEET COLTSFOOT.

Heads many-flowered, somewhat dicious; in the substerile plant with a single row of ligulate pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular sterile ones in the disk; in the fertile plant wholly or chiefly of pistillate flowers, tubular or distinctly ligulate. Otherwise as Tussilago.--Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock, white-woolly beneath, the scape with sheathing scaly bracts, bearing heads of purplish or whitish fragrant flowers, in a corymb. (The Greek name for the coltsfoot, from p?tas??, a broad-brimmed hat, on account of its large leaves.)

[*] _Pistillate flowers ligulate; flowers whitish._

1. P. palmata, Gray. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, palmately and deeply 5--7-lobed, the lobes toothed and cut. (Nardosmia palmata, _Hook._)--Swamps, Maine and Ma.s.s. to Mich., Minn., and northwestward; rare. April, May.--Full-grown leaves 6--10' broad.

2. P. sagittata, Gray. Leaves deltoid-oblong to reniform-hastate, acute or obtuse, repand-dentate.--N. Minn. and westward.

[*][*] _Ligules none; flowers purplish._

P. VULGaRIS, Desf. Rootstock very stout; leaves round-cordate, angulate-dentate and denticulate.--About Philadelphia. (Nat. from Eu.)

74. aRNICA, L.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, fimbrillate. Achenes slender or spindle-shaped; pappus a single row of rather rigid and strongly roughened-denticulate bristles.--Perennial herbs, chiefly of mountains and cold northern regions, with simple stems, bearing single or corymbed large heads and opposite leaves.

Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption of _Ptarmica_.)

1. A. Chamissnis, Less. Soft-hairy; _stem leafy_ (1--2 high), bearing 1 to 5 heads; _leaves thin, veiny_, smoothish when old, toothed; the upper _ovate-lanceolate_, closely sessile, the lower narrower, tapering to a margined petiole; scales pointed; pappus almost plumose. (A.

mollis, _Hook_.)--N. Maine, mountains of N. H. and northern N. Y., sh.o.r.es of L. Superior, and westward. July.

2. A. nudicaulis, Nutt. Hairy and rather glandular (1--3 high); _leaves thickish, 3--5-nerved, ovate or oblong_, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root, the _cauline small_ and only one or two pairs; heads several, corymbed, showy.--Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward.

April, May.

75. SENeCIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL.

Heads many-flowered; rays pistillate, or none; involucre cylindrical to bell-shaped, simple or with a few bractlets at the base, the scales erect-connivent. Receptacle flat, naked. Pappus of numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles.--Herbs, in the United States, with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.

(Name from _senex_, an old man, alluding to the h.o.a.riness of many species, or to the white hairs of the pappus.)

[*] _Root annual or in n. 3 biennial; heads several or many in a corymb; herbage glabrous or soon becoming so._

[+] _Rays none or minute._

S. VULGaRIS, L. (COMMON GROUNDSEL.) Low, corymbosely branched, glabrate; leaves pinnatifid and toothed; clasping tips of involucral scales blackish; rays none.--Waste grounds. July--Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

S. VISCSUS, L. Coa.r.s.er, viscid-p.u.b.escent and strong-scented; leaves 2-pinnatifid; scales not black-tipped; rays minute.--Waste grounds, coast of N. Eng. (Nat. from Eu.)

[+][+] _Heads conspicuously radiate._

1. S. lobatus, Pers. (b.u.t.tER-WEED.) Rather tall; leaves somewhat fleshy, _lyrate or pinnate_, the divisions or leaflets crenate or cut-lobed, variable; heads small in a naked corymb; _rays 6--12, conspicuous_.--Wet grounds, N. Car. to S. Ill., Mo., and southward. April--July.

2. S. pal.u.s.tris, Hook. Annual or biennial, loosely woolly or glabrate; stem stout, 6'--2 high; _leaves_ oblong-lanceolate, _irregularly toothed or laciniate_, the upper with a heart-shaped clasping base; _rays 20 or more_, short, pale yellow; pappus copious and becoming very long.--Wet ground, Iowa to N. Wisc., Minn., and northward. June. (Eu.)

[*][*] _Root perennial; heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb._

3. S. aureus, L. (GOLDEN RAGWORT. SQUAW-WEED.) _Smooth, or floccose-woolly when young_ (1--3 high); leaves thin, the radical _simple and rounded_, the larger ones mostly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, _long-petioled_; _lower stem-leaves lyrate_; upper ones lanceolate, cut-pinnatifid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb umbel-like; rays 8--12.--Common everywhere. May, June. Varies greatly.

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Root-leaves thicker, round-obovate with a cuneate or truncate base, or the earliest almost sessile in rosulate tufts. (S. Elliottii, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Open grounds, Can. to Ind. and Ga.

Var. Balsamitae, Torr. & Gray. Less glabrate; root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, serrate, the upper lyrate-pinnatifid; heads rather small and numerous.--Common.

4. S. tomentsus, Michx. (WOOLLY RAGWORT.) _Clothed with scarcely deciduous h.o.a.ry wool_ (1--2 high); _root-leaves oblong_, obtuse, crenate or entire, often large, on elongated stout petioles; the upper sessile, similar or lyrate-pinnatifid; corymb flat-topped; rays 12--15.--Del. and mountains of Penn. (_Pursh._), to Fla. and Ark. May.

5. S. ca.n.u.s, Hook. Usually low, persistently tomentose, rarely at all glabrate; leaves much smaller, spatulate to oblong, all entire or some cut-toothed or pinnatifid; achenes glabrous.--N. Minn., Dak., and westward.

6. S. integerrimus, Nutt. Woolly p.u.b.escent when young, soon glabrate and green; leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, entire or denticulate, the upper bract-like, attenuate from a broad base; heads rather large (6"

high), with green-tipped scales.--Sask. to Minn., and westward.

7. S. lugens, Richards. Like the last; leaves usually repand- or callous-denticulate; heads usually smaller, with mostly black-tipped scales.--Subarc. Amer. to New Mex., in the mountains; reported from Minn. and N. Iowa.

[*][*][*] _Root perennial; heads large and often solitary._

8. S. Pseudo-arnica, Less. Loosely white-woolly, sometimes becoming glabrous; stem stout, 6--12' high, leafy to the top; leaves oblong, repand, tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; heads 1--4, over an inch in diameter; rays 20 or more, large.--Grand Manan Island, off Maine (_Prof. Verrill_), to Lab., and northward.

76. CACaLIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

Heads 5--many-flowered; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucral scales in a single row, erect-connivent, with a few bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Achenes oblong, smooth; pappus of numerous soft capillary bristles.--Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish. (An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

[*] _Involucre 25--30-flowered, with several bracts at its base; receptacle flat._

1. C. suaveolens, L. Stem grooved (3--5 high); _leaves triangular-lanceolate, halberd-shaped_, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged petioles.--Rich woods, Conn. to Mich., Iowa, and southward; rare. Sept.

[*][*] _Involucre 5-leaved and 5-flowered, its bracts minute or none; receptacle bearing a more or less evident scale-like pointed appendage in the centre._

2. C. reniformis, Muhl. (GREAT INDIAN PLANTAIN.) Not glaucous; stem (4--9 high) grooved and angled; _leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest kidney-form_ (1--2 broad), _repand-toothed_ and angled, palmately veined, petioled; the teeth pointed; corymbs large.--Rich damp woods, N. J. to Ill., Minn., and southward along the mountains. Aug.