The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 123

[+] _Leaves cordate, ac.u.minate._

1 I. pandurata, Meyer. (WILD POTATO-VINE. MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.) Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining; leaves occasionally contracted at the sides so as to be fiddle-shaped; _peduncles longer than the petioles_, 1--5-flowered; _sepals smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse_; corolla open-funnel-form (3' long), white with purple in the tube.--Dry ground, Conn. to Mich., south to Fla. and Tex. June--Aug. Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which often weighs 10--20 pounds.

2 I. lacunsa, L. Annual; rather smooth; stem twining and creeping, slender; leaves entire or angled-lobed; _peduncles short_, 1--3-flowered; _sepals lance-oblong, pointed, bristly-ciliate_ or hairy, half the length of the sharply 5-lobed (white, --{1/3}' long) corolla.--River-banks and low grounds, Penn. to Ill., south to S. C. and Tex.

[+][+] _Leaves linear; not twining._

3 I. leptophlla, Torr. Perennial, very glabrous; stems erect or ascending (2--4 high), with slender recurving branches, from an immense root (weighing 10--100 pounds); leaves 2--4' long, 2--3" wide, short-petioled, acute; peduncles short, 1--2-flowered; sepals broadly ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter; corolla pink-purple, funnel-form, about 3' long.--Plains of Neb. to central Kan., Tex., and westward.

3. CONVoLVULUS, Tourn. BINDWEED.

Corolla funnel-form to campanulate. Stamens included. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex; stigmas 2, linear-filiform to subulate or ovate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imperfectly 4-celled by spurious part.i.tions between the 2 seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 2--4-valved.--Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants, either twining, erect, or prostrate. (Name from _convolvo_, to entwine.)

-- 1 CALYSTeGIA. _Stigmas oval to oblong; calyx enclosed in 2 broad leafy brats._

1 C. spithamae'us, L. _Downy; stem low and mostly simple, upright or ascending_ (6--12' long); leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auricled base; corolla white (2' long); stigmas oval. (Calystegia spithamaea, _Pursh_.)--Dry and sandy or rocky soil; not rare.

2. C. sepium, L. (HEDGE BINDWEED.) Glabrous, or more or less p.u.b.escent; stem _twining or sometimes trailing extensively_; leaves triangular-halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, acute or pointed, the basal lobes obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed or sinuate-lobed; peduncles 4-angled; bracts commonly acute; corolla white or tinged with rose-color (1--2' long). (Calystegia sepium, _R. Br._)--Moist alluvial soil, or along streams; N. Atlantic States and westward. (Eu., etc.)

Var. America.n.u.s, Sims. Glabrous; corolla pink or rose-purple; bracts obtuse. (C. sepium of Am. authors mainly.)--Common, across the continent.

Var. repens, Gray. More or less p.u.b.escent; sterile and sometimes flowering stems extensively prostrate; leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes commonly obtuse or rounded and entire; corolla from almost white to rose-color; bracts very obtuse or acute.

(Calystegia sepium, var. p.u.b.escens, _Gray_.)--Common.

-- 2. _Stigmas filiform; no bracts at or near the base of the calyx._

C. ARVeNSIS, L. (BINDWEED.) Perennial; stem proc.u.mbent or twining, and low; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute; peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9"

long) white or tinged with reddish.--Old fields, N. Atlantic States.

(Eu.)

4. BREWeRIA, R. Br.

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below; stigmas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus.--Perennial prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs; flowers small; in summer; corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named for _Samuel Brewer_, an English botanist or amateur of the 18th century.)

1. B. humistrata, Gray. _Spa.r.s.ely hairy_ or nearly smooth; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-shaped base to linear, mucronate or emarginate; peduncles 1--7-flowered; bracts shorter than the pedicels; _sepals pointed, glabrous_ or nearly so; _corolla white; filaments hairy; styles united at base_. (Bonamia humistrata, _Gray_.)--Dry pine barrens, Va. to La.

2. B. aquatica, Gray. _Minutely soft downy_ and somewhat h.o.a.ry; peduncles 1--3-flowered; _sepals silky; corolla pink or purple; filaments smooth; styles almost distinct_; otherwise nearly as n. 1.

(Bonamia aquatica, _Gray_.)--Wet pine barrens and margins of ponds, N. C. to Tex., extending into Mo.

3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-p.u.b.escent or smoothish; _leaves very narrowly linear_ or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile; peduncles 1--3-flowered; _bracts resembling the leaves_, mostly exceeding the flowers; _sepals hairy; filaments_ (scarcely hairy) _and styles (united far above the middle) exserted from the open white corolla_. (Bonamia Pickeringii, _Gray_.)--Dry pine barrens and prairies, N. J. and southward; also W. Ill.

5. EVoLVULUS, L.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost rotate. Styles 2, each 2-cleft; stigmas obtuse. Capsule 2-celled; the cells 2-seeded.--Low and small herbs or suffrutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never twining (hence the name, from _evolvo_, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).

1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base, dwarf, silky-villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the lower oblong spatulate and short-petioled, about ' long; flowers almost sessile in the axils; corolla purple, 3" broad.--Sterile plains and prairies, Dak. and Neb. to Mo. and Tex.

6. CuSCUTA, Tourn. DODDER.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, or short-tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, imbricate. Stamens with a scale-like often fringed appendage at base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled; styles distinct, or rarely united.

Capsule mostly 4-seeded. Embryo thread-shaped, spirally coiled in the rather fleshy alb.u.men, dest.i.tute of cotyledons, sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule); germination occurring in the soil.--Leafless annual herbs, with thread-like yellowish or reddish stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of suckers developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-cl.u.s.tered, mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name supposed to be of Arabic derivation.)

-- 1. _Stigmas elongated; capsule circ.u.mscissile._

C. EPiLINUM, Weihe. (FLAX DODDER.) Stems very slender, low; flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads; corolla 5-parted, short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, persistent around the capsule; stamens included; scales short, broad, crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary.--Flax-fields; in Europe very injurious; sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June.

C. EPiTHYMUM, Murr. Stems very slender; flowers capitate; corolla-lobes spreading, the cylindrical tube longer than the suberect acute sepals; scales large, contiguous, toothed; stamens exserted.--Occasionally found in clover-fields. (Int. from Eu.)

-- 2. _Stigmas capitate; capsule indehiscent._

[*] _Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule depressed-globose._

[+] _Flowers in dense or globular cl.u.s.ters; corolla with short and wide tube, persistent at the base of the capsule; styles mostly shorter than the ovary._

1. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. _Stems coa.r.s.e, orange-colored_; flowers white (1--1' long); _lobes of calyx and corolla_ (mostly 4) _acute_, often longer than the tube; _scales small, 2-cleft_, often reduced to a few teeth; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.--Wet places, from Wisc.

and Minn. to Ark.; also in Penn. and Del., often on Polygonum.

2. C. arvensis, Beyrich. _Stems pale and slender_, low; _flowers smaller_ (hardly 1" long); _calyx-lobes (5) obtuse_, mostly very broad; those of the corolla ac.u.minate, longer than the tube, with inflexed points, _scales large, deeply fringed_.--Rather dry soil on various low plants, N. Y. to Fla., west to the Pacific. Very variable.

[+][+] _Flowers in panicled often compound cymes; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; corolla withering on the summit of the large capsule._

3. C. tenuiflra, Engelm. Stems coa.r.s.e and yellow, usually rather high-climbing; flowers (1" long or less) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous; lobes of calyx and corolla oblong, obtuse, the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate tube; scales shorter than the tube, fringed.--On tall herbs and shrubs in wet places, Penn. to Minn., and south to Tex.

[*][*] _Calyx gamosepalous; ovary and capsule pointed, the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla; flowers in loose panicled cymes._

[+] _Acute tips of the corolla-lobes inflexed._

4. C. decra, Engelm. Stems coa.r.s.e; flowers fleshy and more or less papillose; calyx-lobes triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, _spreading; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule enveloped by remains of corolla_.

(C. indecora, _Choisy_.)--Var. PULCHeRRIMA, Engelm. The larger form, with coa.r.s.er stems, and conspicuous flowers 1--2" long and wide; anthers and stigmas yellow or deep purple.--Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs (princ.i.p.ally Leguminosae and Compositae), from Ill. to Fla. and Tex., and westward.

5. C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding; flowers of the same structure, but _smaller_ (only 1" long), generally 4-merous; corolla deeper, _with erect lobes, finally capping the capsule; scales reduced to a few teeth_.--Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, etc.) or coa.r.s.e herbs, southern N. Eng. to Neb. and Ark.

[+][+] _Corolla-lobes obtuse, spreading._

6. C. Gronvii, Willd. Stems coa.r.s.e, often climbing high; corolla-lobes mostly shorter than the deeply campanulate tube; scales copiously fringed; _capsule globose, umbonate_.--Wet shady places, Canada to Minn., south to Fla. and Tex. The commonest of our species. Flowers very variable in size and compactness of cl.u.s.ters.--Var. LATIFLRA, Engelm., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. Common northward.

7. C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding; flowers larger (2--3" long), more delicate and whiter; lobes of corolla and calyx shorter than its tube; slender styles longer; _ovary bottle-shaped; capsule long-pointed_.--Shady valleys in the Alleghanies, from Md. and Va., southward; on tall herbs, rarely shrubs.

[*][*][*] _Sepals 5, distinct, surrounded by 2 or more similar bracts; styles capillary; scales large, deeply fringed; capsule capped by the marcescent corolla._

8. C. cuspidata, Engelm. Stems slender; flowers (1--2" long) thin, _on bracteolate pedicels in loose panicles_; the ovate-orbicular bracts and sepals and the oblong corolla-lobes cuspidate or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube; styles many times longer than the ovary, at length exserted.--Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosae, etc., Neb. to Tex., occasionally down the Missouri as far as St. Louis.

9. C. compacta, Juss. Stems coa.r.s.e; _flowers closely sessile in densely compact cl.u.s.ters; bracts (3--5) and sepals...o...b..cular, concave, slightly crenate, appressed_, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading lobes of the latter.--Along the west side of the Alleghanies from Ont. to Ala., west to Mo. and Tex. In damp woods, almost always on shrubs.