The Laws Of War, Affecting Commerce And Shipping Part 12

6. That it is a direct a.s.sistance to the enemy, and an injury to the belligerent interests of the other country, to carry on for the enemy the commerce that she has lost by the pressure of the war,--rendering the efforts of the successful power nugatory.

NOTE D.--_Articles that have been declared Contraband at various times._

Gunpowder, arms, military equipments, and other things peculiarly adapted to military purposes.

Sail cloths, masts, anchors, pitch, tar, and hemp, universally contraband, even when destined to ports not of military equipment.

Cheeses, fit for naval use; such as Dutch cheeses, when exclusively used in French s.h.i.+ps of war.

Rosin, tallow, and s.h.i.+p biscuits, if destined to ports of military or naval equipment.

Similarly, of Wines.

And s.h.i.+p timber, when so destined.

s.h.i.+ps of war, or s.h.i.+ps adapted for such service, going to a port of the enemy for sale.

Copper in sheets, certified by government dockyard officers as fit for the sheathing of s.h.i.+ps.

Brimstone, destined to a port of warlike equipment.

NOTE E.--_The Late Declarations_.

The first manifesto or declaration of war issued by the Queen, so far follows the ancient form, that it gives a justification of the war, but differs from it in the omission of a general command to all her subjects to commit hostilities on the enemy. By this command (in the ancient form), the subjects were in general ordered, not only to break off all intercourse with the enemy, but also to _attack_ him. Custom interpreted this general order. It authorized, and even obliged every subject, of whatever rank, to secure the person and things belonging to the enemy when they fell into his hands; but it did not invite the subjects to undertake any offensive expedition without a commission or particular order. The present manifesto simply proclaims that the Queen of England has taken up arms against Russia, that is, has declared "a state of war." The omission of an injunction to break off intercourse, and to exercise hostility, does not relieve the subject from his duty in that respect; for war may commence without any manifesto, and any official recognition of the "state of war" casts upon the subject his full duties under that condition of things. The ancient form has been judiciously allowed to drop, leading, as it might have done, to misconception on the part of her majesty's lieges.

The second manifesto has reference to regulations with respect to neutral commerce, and speaks for itself.

The third is as follows, and the references to the text will be sufficient to explain it.

DECLARATION.

Her Majesty, the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, having been compelled to take up arms in support of an Ally, is desirous of rendering the war as little onerous as possible to the powers with whom she remains at peace.

To preserve the commerce of neutrals from all unnecessary obstruction, Her Majesty is willing, for the present, to waive a part of the belligerent rights appertaining to Her by the Law of Nations.

It is impossible for Her Majesty to forego the exercise of her right of seizing articles contraband of war,[206] and of preventing neutrals from bearing the enemy's dispatches,[207] and she must maintain the right of a belligerent to prevent neutrals from breaking any effective blockade which may be established with an adequate force against the enemy's forts, harbours, or coasts.[208]

But Her Majesty will waive the right of seizing enemy's property laden on board a neutral vessel, unless it be contraband of war.[209]

It is not Her Majesty's intention to claim the confiscation of neutral property, not being contraband of war, found on board enemy's s.h.i.+ps,[210] and Her Majesty further declares, that being anxious to lessen as much as possible the evils of war, and to restrict its operations to the regularly organized forces of the country, it is not her present intention to issue letters of marque for the commissioning of privateers.

Westminster, March 28, 1854.

THE FOURTH DECLARATION.

At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 29th day of March, 1854, Present, The Queen's Most Excellent Majesty in Council. Her Majesty having determined to afford active a.s.sistance to Her Ally, His Highness the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, for the protection of his dominions against the encroachments and unprovoked aggression of His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of all the Russias, Her Majesty, therefore, is pleased, by and with the advice of Her Privy Council, to order, and it is hereby ordered, that general reprisals[211] be granted against the s.h.i.+ps, vessels, and goods of the Emperor of all the Russias, and of his subjects or others inhabiting within any of his countries, territories, or dominions, _so that Her Majesty's fleets and s.h.i.+ps_ shall and may lawfully seize all s.h.i.+ps, vessels, and goods, belonging to the Emperor of all the Russias, or his subjects, or others inhabiting within any of his countries, territories, or dominions, and bring the same to judgment in such Courts of Admiralty within Her Majesty's dominions, possessions, or colonies, as shall be duly commissionated to take cognizance thereof. And to that end Her Majesty's Advocate-General, with the Advocate of Her Majesty in Her Office of Admiralty, are forthwith to prepare the draft of a Commission, and present the same to Her Majesty at this Board, authorizing the Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral to will and require the High Court of Admiralty of England, and the Lieutenant and Judge of the said Court, his Surrogate or Surrogates, as also the several Courts of Admiralty within Her Majesty's dominions, which shall be duly commissionated to take cognizance of, and judicially proceed upon, all and all manner of captures, seizures, prizes, and reprisals of all s.h.i.+ps, vessels, and goods, that are or shall be taken, and to hear and determine the same; and, according to the Courts of Admiralty and the Law of Nations, to adjudge and condemn all such s.h.i.+ps, vessels, and goods, as shall belong to the Emperor of all the Russias or his subjects, or to any others inhabiting within any of his countries, territories, or dominions: and they are likewise to prepare and lay before Her Majesty, at this Board, a Draft of such Instructions as may be proper to be sent to the said several Courts of Admiralty in Her Majesty's dominions, possessions, and colonies, for their guidance herein.

From the Court at Buckingham Palace, this twenty-ninth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-four.

INDEX.

ADMIRALTY.

Droits of Admiralty, 6

AMBa.s.sADORS, 85

ARMED NEUTRALITY, 92

AFFREIGHTMENT, 16

BILLS OF EXCHANGE.

Drawn during war, 14

BLOCKADES, 86 By whom Proclaimed, 86 Violation of, 87 First Rule of, 87 Second Rule, 87 Third Rule, 89 Simple Blockade, 88 Blockade in Fact, 88 Blockade with Notification, 88 Maritime Blockade not violated by Land Carriage, 90

CONTRACTS.

With Enemy, void, 12 Made before the war, 15

CARTEL, 20 Principles of Cartel, 33

CARGOES.

Distinguished from s.h.i.+ps, 30

CONDEMNATION.

Preliminary Proceedings, 44

CAPTORS.

Answerable for Damages, 68 When ent.i.tled to Freight, 74

CONVOYS, 91

CONTRABAND OF WAR, 76 Provisions, when Contraband, 77 Lord Stowell's Opinion, 78 Neutral s.h.i.+ps transporting Enemy's Forces, 83 Neutral s.h.i.+ps carrying Enemy's Despatches, 84 Penalty for Contraband Trade, 85 Further Penalties, 85 Return Voyage Free, 86 Articles of Contraband, 101

DECLARATION OF WAR, 2 Contents, 3 The Late Declarations, 101 When retroactive, 98