The Modern Regime Volume II Part 4

[Footnote 5161: "etat des congregations, communantes et a.s.sociations religieuses," drawn up in execution of article 12 of the law of Dec. 12, 1876 (Imprimerie nationale, 1878): 1st. congregations of women with a general superior, nurses and teachers, authorized from Prairial 28, year XI, to January 13, 1813, total, 42; 2nd. communities of women without a general superior, nurses and teachers, authorized from April 9, 1806, to Sept. 28, 1813, total, 205.]

[Footnote 5162: Ibid., Brethren of the Christian Schools, namely, of Saint Yon, authorized March 17, 1808.]

[Footnote 5163: Ibid., congregation of the Mission of Saint-Lazare, authorized Prairial 17, year XI.--Congregation of the Seminary of Foreign Missions, authorized Germinal 2, year XIII.]

[Footnote 5164: Pelet de la Lozere, p.208 (May 22, 1804).]

[Footnote 5165: Pelet de la Lozere, P.209]

[Footnote 5166: Decree of March 17, 1808, article 109.]

[Footnote 5167: Alexis Chevalier, "Les Freres des ecoles chretiennes apres la Revolution," p. 93. (Report by Portalis approved by the First consul, Frimaire to, year XII.) "Henceforth," says Portalis, "the superior-general at Rome abandons all inspection of the Christian Brothers. In France, it is understood that the Brothers will have a superior general resident at Lyons."]

[Footnote 5168: D'Haussonville, V., p. 148.]

[Footnote 5169: Fortress in the Italian Alps. (SR.)]

[Footnote 5170: D'Haussonville, V., p. 148. Letter of Napoleon to the Minister of Wors.h.i.+p, March 3, 1811 (omitted in the published correspondence).]

[Footnote 5171: Ibid., IV.,p.133. (Letter by Napoleon, Sep. 2, 1809, omitted in the "Correspondence.")]

[Footnote 5172: Concordat, articles 4, 5, 16.]

[Footnote 5173: Articles Organiques, I., pp. 2, 6.]

[Footnote 5174: Code penal, decree of Feb. 16-20, 1810, article 207.]

[Footnote 5175: Napoleon's own expressions: "I may regard myself as the head of the Catholic ministry, since the Pope has crowned me." (Pelet de la Lozere, p. 210, July 17, 1806.)--Note the word crowned (sacre).

Napoleon, as well as former kings, considers himself as clothed with ecclesiastical dignity.]

[Footnote 5176: On the sense and bearing of Gallican maxims cf. the whole of the answer by Portalis to Cardinal Caprara. (emile Ollivier, "Nouveau manuel de droit ecclesiastique," p.150.)]

[Footnote 5177: Decree of Feb.25, 1810. (The edict of Louis XIV. is attached to it.) Prohibition to teach or write "anything opposed to the doctrine contained" in the declaration of the French clergy. "Every professor of theology must sign and submit to teaching the doctrine therein set forth."--In establishments where there are several professors "one of them will be annually directed to teach the said doctrine."--In colleges where there is but one professor "he will be obliged to teach it one of three consecutive years."--The professors are required to hand in to the competent authority "their minutes dictated to the pupils."--None of them can be "licensed, whether in theology or in canon law, nor graduated as doctor, without having maintained the said doctrine in one of his theses."]

[Footnote 5178: Cf., for details, d'Haussonville, I., p.200 et seq.]

[Footnote 5179: Pelet de la Lozere, p. 205. (Words of Napoleon, Feb. 4, 1804.)]

[Footnote 5180: A procedure used by Stalin and copied by all his satellite states. (SR.)]

[Footnote 5181: Thibaudeau, p.157 (Messidor 2, year X).]

[Footnote 5182: Roederer, III., pp. 535, 567.]

[Footnote 5183: Pelet de la Lozere, p.203. (Napoleon's words, Feb. 4, 1804.)--Law of March 14, 1804.]

[Footnote 5184: Cf. "Letters of Mgr. Claude Simon, bishop of Gren.o.ble, April 18, 1809, and October 6, 1811."]

[Footnote 5185: Articles Organiques, p.68.]

[Footnote 5186: Bercastel and Henrion, "Histoire generale de l'eglise,"

XIII., p.32. (Speech by M. Roux-Laborie, deputy in 1816.)--At the present day, the ordinations oscillate between 1200 and 1700 per annum.]

[Footnote 5187: Decree of November 15, 1811, articles 28, 29, 32. "On and after July 1, 1812, all secondary ecclesiastical schools (small seminaries) which may not be situated in towns possessing a lycee or college shall be closed. No secondary ecclesiastical school shall be placed in the country. In all places where there are ecclesiastical schools the pupils of these schools shall pursue their studies in the lycee or college cla.s.ses."]

[Footnote 5188: "Correspondence of Napoleon (notes for the Minister of Wors.h.i.+p), July 30, 1806." In order to be cure of the first cla.s.s, chanoin, vicar-general or bishop one must henceforth be bachelor, licencie, doctor in the university grades, "which the university may refuse in case the candidate shall be known to entertain ultramontane ideas or ideas dangerous to authority."]

[Footnote 5189: D'Haussonville, V., p.144 et seq. (Letter of Napoleon to the Minister of Wors.h.i.+p, Oct.22, 1811, omitted in the "correspondence.") The letter ends with these words: "This mode of working must be kept secret."]

[Footnote 5190: "Histoire de M. Emery," by Abbe Elie Meric, II., p. 374.

The order of expulsion (June 13, 1810) ends with these words: "Immediate possession is to be taken of the house which might belong to some domain and which, at least in this case, could be considered as public property, since it might belong to a congregation. If it is found to be private property belonging to M. Emery or to any other person, the rents might first be paid and then afterwards it might be required, save indemnity, as useful for the public service." This shows in full the administrative and fiscal spirit of the French State, its heavy hand being always ready to fall imperiously on every private individual and on all private property.]

[Footnote 5191: Letter of Napoleon, Oct. 8, 1811.]

[Footnote 5192: Ibid. Nov. 22, 1811.]

[Footnote 5193: D'Haussonville, V., p.282. (Letter of Napoleon, Aug.

14, 1813, omitted in the correspondence.)--"Memoires" du Chancelier Pasquier, II." pp. 88-91.]

[Footnote 5194: Roederer, III., p.430 (Germinal 19, year X): "The legate was received today in the consular palace; in making his speech, he trembled like a leaf."]

[Footnote 5195: Pelet de la Lozere, p.206 (May 22, 1804).]

[Footnote 5196: Decrees of May 31, 1804, Dec.26, 1804, and Sep.30. 1807, with the list of succursals by departments.--Besides the succursalists paid by the State, there were vicars not less dependent on the bishop and maintained by allowances from the communes or by private donations.

(Bercastel et Henrion, XIII., p.32, speech by M. Roux-Laborie in the chamber of Deputies, 1816.) "In his re-composition of the Church of France the usurper established 12,000 vicars dependent on alms, and it will not surprise you that, instead of 12,000, there were only 5000 who were courageous enough to die of starvation or implore public charity.... Thus are 4000 country churches without wors.h.i.+p or minister."]

[Footnote 5197: Thibaudeau, p. 166, and article of Brumaire 30, in the Moniteur.]

[Footnote 5198: Roederer, III., p. 479 et seq. (Report on the Senatorerie of Caen.) The priests everywhere feel that they are watched and set aside. "Most of those I encounter exclaim, Poor cure, an unfortunate cure. The functionaries are devoted to the Emperor as their sole support against the n.o.bles, whom they dread, and against the priests, whom they slightly esteem.... The military, the judges, the administrators when alluding to the priests or to religion merely smile; the priests, on the other hand, express very little confidence in the functionaries."]

[Footnote 5199: Decree of Sept. 30, 1804 (with allotment of 800 scholars.h.i.+ps and 1600 demi-scholars.h.i.+ps to each diocesan seminary).

These will be allowed us on being presented by the bishops.]

[Footnote 51100: D'Haussonville, II., p. 227.]

[Footnote 51101: Idem. IV. Order of arrest of M. d'Avian, archbishop of Bordeaux, as one of the opponents of the Council (July 11, 1811). Savary himself, Minister of Justice, raises objections. "Sire, do nothing with M. d'Avian. He is a saint and we shall have everybody against us."]

[Footnote 51102: Idem., IV. p. 58. Address of the ecclesiastical commission enumerating the favors granted to religion, "the legion of Honor, conferred on many prelates, the t.i.tles of baron and count a.s.signed to bishops and archbishops of the Empire, the admission of several of these to the legislative a.s.sembly and senate."]

[Footnote 51103: D'Haussonville, IV.,p. 366. (Last session of the national council, August 5, 1811.)]

[Footnote 51104: Reading this, as Lenin must have done, could he help but dream of the day, when he could become head of a state, head of a foreign service, of a secret police force and hence be able to subvert the entire world including the religious organizations, the political parties, diplomatic services not to speak of international organizations in New York or Brussels. (SR.)]

[Footnote 51105: Idem., I., pp. 203-205.]

[Footnote 51106: Idem., p. 228. Cf. the "Almanach imperial de 1806-1814."--Lanfrey, "Histoire de Napoleon,"V., p. 208. The Prince de Rohan, head chaplain, writes in a request he makes, The great Napoleon is my tutelary divinity. On the margin of this request Napoleon attaches the following decision: "The Duc de Frioul will pay to the head chaplain 12,000 francs,--tax on receipts of the theatres." (Feb. 15, 1810.) Another example of the same type is M. Roquelaure, archbishop of Malines, who addresses Josephine with a little ancient-regime speech, at once episcopal and gallant. The First Consul, therefore, makes him Member of the Inst.i.tute. (Bourrienne, V., p. 130.) This archbishop, in the administration of his diocese, zealously applies the policy of the First Consul. "We have seen him suspend from his functions a priest who had exhorted a dying man to restore ecclesiastical property which he had taken." ("Dictionnaire biographique," published at Leipsic by Eymery, 1806, 1808.)]

[Footnote 51107: Roederer, III., p. 459 (December 30, 1802).]