The International Auxiliary Language Esperanto Part 62

Royal Family = Via regida mosto = _Your Royal Highness_.

Prince = Via princa mosto = _Your Highness_, or, _Serene Highness_.

Duke = Via duka mosto = _Your Grace_.

d.u.c.h.ess = Via dukina mosto = _Your Grace_.

Archbishop = Via cefepiskopa mosto = _Your Grace_.

Marquis = Via markiza mosto = _Your Lords.h.i.+p, My Lord_.

Earl, Count = Via grafa mosto = _Your Lords.h.i.+p, My Lord_.

Viscount = Via vicgrafa mosto = _Your Lords.h.i.+p, My Lord_.

Lord, Baron (Judge) = Via barona mosto = _Your Lords.h.i.+p, My Lord_.

Viceroy = Via vicrega mosto = _Your Excellency_.

Governor = Via rega mosto = _Your Excellency_.

Judge (not a Baron) = Via jugista mosto = _Your Honour_.

Mayor = Via urbestra mosto = _Your Wors.h.i.+p_.

General (Officer) = Via generala mosto = _General_.

N.B.--No t.i.tle beyond his rank is given to a General in England, like "Monsieur le General" in France. We usually say "General," or "Sir,"

but mosto might be used in Esperanto.

(_d_). As regards addresses of letters, we can say:--

_Al Lia Duka Mosto de ..._ or, _Al Lia Duka Mosto, la Duko de ..._ = To His Grace the Duke of ...

_Al Sia Grafina Mosto de ..._ = To the Countess of ...

_Al Lia Rega Mosto de ..._ = To His Excellency the Governor of ...; or if we mention him by name:--

_Al Lia Mosto, Sir Henry Smith La Reganto de ..._ = To His Excellency, Sir Henry Smith, The Governor of ...

284. Suffixes -OBL-, -ON-, -OP-. (Ex. 18.) These three suffixes are used with numerals, making them multiples, fractions, or collectives (see pars. 119, 120, 121).

(_a_). -_OBL_- added to a cardinal number denotes the number is a multiple. It is equivalent to the English suffixes "-fold" or "-uple."

Examples.--_Multoblo_ = a multiple, _multobla_ = manifold. _Unu_ = one, _unuobla_ = single, _unuoble_ = singly. _Du_ = two, _duobla_ = double, _la duoblo_ = the double. _Kvar_ = four, _kvarobla_ = fourfold, quadruple, _la kvaroblo_ = the quadruple. _Cent_ = hundred, _centoblo_ = a centuple. It is used in the multiplication table:--

_kvaroble tri estas_ (or, _faras_) _dek du_ 4 times 3 = 12 _kvin.o.ble kvar estas dudek_ 5 times 4 = 20 _sesoble kvin estas tridek_ 6 times 5 = 30 _sepoble ses estas kvardek du_ 7 times 6 = 42 _okoble sep estas kvindek ses_ 8 times 7 = 56 _nauoble ok estas sepdek du_ 9 times 8 = 72 _dekoble nau estas naudek_ 10 times 9 = 90 _dek-unuoble dek estas cent dek_ 11 times 10 = 110 _dek-duoble dek unu estas cent tridek du_ 12 times 11 = 132

(_b_). -_ON_- added to a cardinal number denotes a fraction. As a root, ona = _fractional_.

Examples.--_Du_ = two, _duona_ = half, _duone_ = by halves, _duono_ = a half (1/2). _Tri_ = three, _triona_ = third, _triono_ = a third (1/3). _Kvar_ = four, _kvarona_ = quarter, _kvarono_ = a fourth (1/4). _Dek_ = ten, _dekona_ = tenth, _dekono_ = a tenth (1/10), _tri dekonoj_ = 3/10ths. _Dek du_ = twelve, _dek-duona_ = twelfth, _dek-duono_ = a twelfth (1/12), _kvin dek-duonoj_ = 5/12ths. _Sesdek kvin centonoj_ = sixty-five hundredths (65/100). _La kvinona parto (la kvinono) de cent estas la triona parto (la triono) de sesdek, tio estas dudek_ = The 5th part of 100 is the 3rd part of 60, that is 20.

(_c_). -_OP_- added to a cardinal number denotes that the number must be taken in a collective sense. As a root, opa = _collective_.

Examples.--_Du_ = two, _duope_ = two together, in twos. _Tri_ = three, _triope_ = in threes, in triplets. _Dek_ = ten, _dekope_ = in tens. _Dudek_ = twenty, _dudekope_ = in twenties, by scores. _Cent_ = hundred, _centope_ = in hundreds. _Mil_ = thousand, _milope_ = in thousands. _Kvinope ili sin jetis sur min_ = Five together (five at a time) they threw themselves upon me. _La soldatoj marsis kvarope_ = The soldiers were marching in fours.

285. Suffix -UM-. (Ex. 30.)

-_UM_- has no special meaning. Its different meanings are easily suggested by the context and the signification of the root to which it is joined. There are but few words in which it is used, and these should be learnt as simple words.

The following embrace nearly all:--

*_Aerumi_ = to air, aerate. _Aero_ = air.

*_Amindumi_ = to court, woo. _Amo_ = love.

_Brulumo_ = a swelling, inflammation. _Bruli_ = to burn.

*_Busumo_ = a muzzle (for a dog), a nose-band. _Busumi_ = to muzzle, to gag. _Buso_ = mouth.

*_Butonumi_ = to b.u.t.ton. _Butonumilo_ = a b.u.t.tonhook. _Butono_ = a b.u.t.ton.

_Cerb.u.mi_ = to rack one's brains. _Cerbo_ = a brain.

*_Gustumi_ = to taste (something). _Gustumado_ = tasting, the sense of tasting. _Gusto_ = taste.

_Kalkanumo_ = a heel of a boot, etc. _Kalkano_ = heel (of the foot).

*_Kolumo_ = a s.h.i.+rt collar. _Kolo_ = neck.

_Kolomb.u.mi_ = to spoon, bill and coo. _Kolombo_ = a dove.

*_Komunumo_ = a commune, a community. _Komuna_ = common.

*_Kruc.u.mi_ = to crucify. _Kruco_ = a cross.

*Laktumo = milt, melt, soft roe. _Lakto_ = milk.

_Lek.u.mi_ = to lap. _Leki_ = lick.

*_Lotumi_ = to allot. _Loti_ = to draw lots.

*_Malvarmumo_ = a cold, chill. _Malvarmumi_ = to catch cold.

_Malvarma_ = cold.

*_Manumo_ = a cuff, a wristband. _Mano_ = hand.

*_Mastrumi_ = to manage (the household), keep house. _Mastrumado_ = household management. _Mastro_ = master.

*_Nazumo_ = a pince-nez. _Nazo_ = nose.

_Okulumi_ = to make eyes at. _Okulo_ = an eye.

*_Palpebrumi_ = to wink, blink. _Palpebro_ = an eyelid.

_Partumo_ = a fraction (mathematics). _Parto_ = a part, a share.

*_Plenumi_ = to fulfil, accomplish. _Plenumigi_ = to be accomplished, fulfilled. _Plena_ = full, complete.

_Proksimuma_, _proksimume_ = approximately. _Proksima_ near.

_Sapumi_ = to soap, lather. _Sapo_ = soap.

*_Ventumi_ = to ventilate, to use a fan. _Ventumilo_ = a fan.

_Vento_ = wind.

N.B.--The 17 words marked * are given in Dr. Zamenhof's "Fundamento de Esperanto."

286. Prefixes BO-, DUON-, GE-, PRA-. (Ex. 25.)

These four prefixes all denote relations.h.i.+p in a greater or less degree.

(_a_). _BO_- denotes relations.h.i.+p by marriage, and is equivalent to the English suffix -_in-law_, as patro = _father_, bopatro = _father-in-law_.

(_b_). _DUON_- also denotes relations.h.i.+p by marriage, and is also a prefix in such words as duonpago = _half-pay_, duonjara = _half-yearly_, etc. As a root, duono = _a half_, so properly it should signify only half-blood relations.h.i.+p. As, however, there are few relations.h.i.+ps of this nature, it is used also for step relations.h.i.+p, as:--Duonfrato = _stepbrother_ or _half-brother_.

(_c_). _GE_- denotes both s.e.xes taken together. The words are always in the plural, and the feminine suffix is, of course, never added.

Examples.--_Edzo_ = a husband, _geedzoj_ = husband and wife, a married couple. _Sinjoro_ = Sir, Mr., _gesinjoroj_ = Mr. and Mrs., _or_, ladies and gentlemen. _Patro_ = father, _gepatroj_ = father and mother, parents. _Mastro_ = a master (of a household), _gemastroj_ = master and mistress. _Frato_ = brother, _gefratoj_ = brother(s) and sister(s).

(_d_). _PRA_- denotes great distance of time, past or future. As regards relations.h.i.+p, it is the equivalent of the English prefixes "fore-," "great," or "grand." As a root, praa = _primeval_.

Examples.--_Pratempo_ = primitive time. _Praarbarego_ = primeval forest. _Prapatroj_ = forefathers, ancestors. _Praonklo_ = grand, or great, uncle. _Praavino_ = great-grandmother.

(_e_). The following are examples of these four prefixes:--

_Patro_ = father, _bopatro_ = father-in-law, _duonpatro_ = stepfather, _gepatroj_ = father and mother, parents.