L.A. Noir Part 18

Chapter Twenty-one: The Electrician"[W]hat's the meaning in ...": Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 193-95.By late 1958, Mickey: Otash, Investigation Hollywood! Investigation Hollywood!, 179-86.Cohen had the temperament: Gabler, An Empire of Their Own An Empire of Their Own, 152.But in 1958, Cohn: "A Star Is Made," Time Time, July 29, 1957.There's another more plausible: There are many versions of this episode in Davis's life. See Fishgall, Gonna Do Great Things Gonna Do Great Things, 114, for the most convincing.Whatever version: Jennings, "Private Life of a Hood," part two, September 27, 1958, 117.In this, he was: Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 187.The day after Stompanato's: See, for instance, "Lana's Romance with Stompanato Cools: Star Asks to Be Left Alone," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, April 10, 1958, 8.Renay was a sometime: Renay, My Face for the World to See My Face for the World to See, 129-32.Meanwhile, Cohen and Hecht: "$200,000 Tax Writeoff Offer to Cohen Told," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 8, 1961, 29.On the whole, though: "Lawmen Blast High Court Order to Identify Informants in Arrests: Ruling Termed Crippling in Drive on Dope," Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, October 2,1958; "Poulson Cuts Police Budget by $6 Million, Commissioner Promptly Warns Mayor that City Faces Criminal Invastion," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 1, 1959."It won't be long,": Woods, "The Progressives and Police," 446."Anything she says is ...": "Mickey Cohen Proud of Actress in Murder Quiz, Admits Liz Renay, Questioned in Anastasia Case, Loaned Him $10,000 He's Repaying," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, February 27, 1958, C12."Her red hair was ...": "Girl Friend of Mickey Cohen Quizzed Again, Won't Tell Treasury Agent About Gifts from Bodyguard of Slain Anastasia," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, September 10, 1958, B1.The next day, Cohen: Lewis, Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster, 244. See also http://www.boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=166332&cat=boxer, accessed10/25/2008.To celebrate the thumb: Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 193-97.

Chapter Twenty-two: Chocolate City"We are all members ...": Webb, The Badge The Badge, 244.The polite word was: To his credit, Parker recognized that this was a problem soon after he became chief and set to work on curbing this unfortunate tendency. "Ex-Sergeant Strange Praises Chief Parker, Remembers Sincerity," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 20, 1996, C12.As the 1920s progressed: Ba.s.s and Donovan, "The Los Angeles Police Department," 155.As a policeman, Parker: During Chief Davis's tenure as chief, Parker might also have dealt with Lt. Homer Garrott, an African American lieutenant whom Davis made an acting captain. Lomax, "Bradley Makes 'Loot' Just in Time for the Vote on the Police Pay Raise," Los Angeles Tribune Los Angeles Tribune, October 31, 1958.The primary draw: Parson, Making a Better World Making a Better World, xi.Los Angeles even: Escobar, Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Ident.i.ty Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Ident.i.ty, 186-203. PBS's American Experience doc.u.mentary The Zoot Suit Riots The Zoot Suit Riots also provides an excellent account of the era ( also provides an excellent account of the era (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/index.html; accessed 2/21/2008)."I feel that when ...": David Williams to Herb Schurter, April 1, 1959; Parker to Williams, April 13, 1959; Williams to Parker, April 21, 1959, LAPD records, CRC.Williams wrote back to: Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 471. See also Williams's July 9, 1959, letter to Councilman John Holland, Council File No. 89512, CRC.The spat soon went: "Parker Hits Influx of Parolees to L.A.: Tells City Council of Huge Rise in Crime," Los Angeles Herald-Express Los Angeles Herald-Express, March 13, 1959.The black press: Memorandum to the City Council from the Police Commission, "Subject: Council File No. 89512," August 6, 1959, CRC. See also FBI September 4, 1959, report, captioned "Top Hoodlum Program," Parker FBI file.One of Parker's first: This approach dates back to at least the early 1920s, when August Vollmer had pioneered the use of crime maps as a guide to deploy his elite "crime crushers" unit during his year as chief of police in Los Angeles. Today's LAPD uses the computer-mapping tool COMPSTAT in a strikingly similar fas.h.i.+on.The LAPD deployed: Civil Rights Congress, "Is the Police Department Above the Law?" pamphlet, Southern California Library, Los Angeles.Anyone who'd spent: See Wambaugh, The Blue Knight The Blue Knight, for an excellent (if fict.i.tious) description of the mind of a beat cop in the 1960s."Any so-called ...": "Police Investigation Points Up Brutality In Minority Community," California Eagle California Eagle, June 30, 1949.Strange may (or may not): It is worth noting that Strange, like Parker, was a devout Roman Catholic, a fact that undoubtedly elevated her in Parker's estimation. Nor did Sergeant Strange's promotion put her in a position to command white officers. She worked in community relations, in effect as a liaison to the black community. "Ex-Sergeant Strange Praises Chief Parker, Remembers Sincerity," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 20, 1996, C12.This represented a failure: "Responses to Questions of the Los Angeles City Council Concerning a Juvenile Gang Attack on a Citizen in Downtown Los Angeles Which Resulted in His Death, Given by Los Angeles Chief of Police W H Parker on December 8, 1953," Los Angeles Police Department files, CRC."The local juvenile gang ...": January 29, 1954, Parker letter to Don Thompson, 1953 county grand jury foreman, in response to a letter from him asking about rat packs, Escobar collection.In 1955, Tom Bradley: See Lomax, "Bradley Makes 'Loot' Just in Time for the Vote on the Police Pay Raise," Los Angeles Tribune Los Angeles Tribune, October 31, 1958, for a glowing account of Bradley's early career.Bradley got the kind: In an August 18, 1955, letter to Seattle police chief H. J. Lawrence, Parker described Bradley's work in the following terms: "In our Public Information Division, we have a Community Relations unit which is staffed by a Negro sergeant and a Mexican officer. The outstanding job that these men have done in dealing with the minority elements of the community has created respect and confidence in this Department. Some of their most valuable contributions have been working with the minority press to prevent the publication of unsubstantiated reports which tended to arouse animosities in the community. They have also developed a close personal liaison with influential leaders in the minority communities. A copy of their job outline is also enclosed." Los Angeles Police department files, Escobar collection."Parker told me the ...": Gates, Chief Chief, 66.Parker was also buffeted: Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 441. According to Bradley's authorized biography, Bradley was out fis.h.i.+ng when Parker called, and wife Ethel answered the phone. Characteristically, the sphinxlike Bradley had not informed her that he had taken the exam for lieutenant. (He had also neglected to tell her he was joining the police department or, later, taking the bar exam.) Ethel decided to turn the tables on Bradley this time. She ordered a lieutenant's uniform and let Bradley discover it when he opened his closet. Bradley was so excited that he forgot about the fish in the car. Ethel found them there the next morning. (Payne and Ratzan, Tom Bradley, the Impossible Dream Tom Bradley, the Impossible Dream, 53.)

This homey anecdote may be untrue. Press accounts from the time state that it was acting chief Richard Simon who promoted Bradley to lieutenant while Parker was away on a fis.h.i.+ng trip. (See Lomax, "Bradley Makes 'Loot' Just in Time for the Vote on the Police Pay Raise," Los Angeles Tribune Los Angeles Tribune, October 31, 1958.) It is possible that Bradley, who was always attuned to the need to rea.s.sure white voters of his crime-fighting credentials, changed the story for his biographer in an attempt to claim support from Parker where none had existed. Bradley's strikingly respectful treatment of Parker in his biography lends further credence to this interpretation.Mr. Bradley spoke first: Lomax, "Bradley Makes 'Loot,' Just in Time for the Vote on the Police Pay Raise," Los Angeles Tribune Los Angeles Tribune, October 31, 1958, reports Bradley's move to Wils.h.i.+re as a new position befitting Bradley's promotion."We don't tell him,": "Police Board Member Flays Parker, Quits," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1959; Woods, "The Progressives and Police," 465-66.

Chapter Twenty-three: Disneyland"[Have] gangsters taken over...": "The Elemental Force," Time Time, September 28, 1959.Earlier that year, President: "Parker Plans Security for Khrushchev Visit," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, September 7, 1959; "Keep Cool with Mr. K, Chief Parker Tells L.A.," Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, September 7, 1959, 1.Khrushchev was greeted at: In fact, LAPD officers had escorted dignitaries to Disneyland before, including former President Harry Truman. See "Parker Rejects Mr. K. Gripe, Russ Police OKd Ban on Disneyland Tour," Los Angeles Herald-Express Los Angeles Herald-Express, September 21, 1959, A6."We have come to ...": "The Elemental Force," Time Time, September 28, 1959.Instead of going to: Sherman, "Mr. K Hurls Hot Retort at Poulson," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1959, 1.Chief Parker was offended: "Parker Rejects Mr. K. Gripe, Russ Police OKd Ban on Disneyland Tour," Los Angeles Herald-Express Los Angeles Herald-Express, September 21, 1959, A6.The commission's interest in: Sherman, "L.A. Negroes Only Part of Over-All Minority Problem: Concentration of Race Here Is Fifth Largest in United States," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, January 24, 1961, 2.The commission's staff was: "Brutal Tactics Told at Hearing," Los Angeles Mirror Los Angeles Mirror, January 26, 1960.By the time Chief: Of course, this hardly explained the crime surge, as Los Angeles had been severely underpoliced even before 1950 (and, according to the police complaints dating back to the 1930s, besieged with criminal vagabonds).Parker insisted that there: "Parker Angrily Denies Racial Discrimination: Presents Charts of City Districts, Tells of Undesirables s.h.i.+pped into Los Angeles," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, January 27, 1960, B2. See also Becker, "Police Brutality on Coast Denied: Los Angeles Chief Answers Charges of Anti-Negro Tactics by His Force," New York Times New York Times, January 27, 1960, 18. Parker's testimony provoked the following sarcastic letter from Beavers:Dear Mr. Parker:Reference is made to your statement to the Civil Rights Commission, as published in the newspapers.Your expressions to the effect that opportunities for promotion within the Police Department are based upon qualifications without regard to race, color or creed, encourages the hope that certain discriminatory practices in existence as of July 10, 1959, have been eliminated. It is common knowledge that there are several Negro officers whose educational backgrounds, characters and years of service fully qualify them for a.s.signment to various divisions in the Police Department in which no Negroes were serving seven months ago.We note your denial of racial bias did not include an explanation as to why no Negro officers are a.s.signed to the following seven divisions: central Detective Bureau-Homicide-Robbery-Forgery-Auto Theft-Burglary-Narcotics-Administrative Vice and Internal Affairs.Your supplying this additional explanation or giving information as to steps being taken to more fully utilize the talents and skills of this group of officers in these various divisions of your organization will be deeply appreciated.Very truly yours, George BeaversParker was becoming more: Fumed Parker, "They [the police] were being blamed for all the ills of humanity; they were constantly being bombarded, and I have been nothing but hara.s.sed by these elements since I was chief of police. I have been sued repeatedly. I have a suit pending now in the Federal court under the Federal Civil Rights Act."Sitting in the audience: In response to a question from Commissioner Johnson about integration in the department, Parker insisted, in effect, that the department already was integrated-but in a very sly fas.h.i.+on. "Officers may be a.s.signed together and sometimes they are, but not as a matter of discrimination, no ..." the Chief replied. Consciously mingling partners would be nothing more than "reverse discrimination." Parker attempted a similar move when asked to name the highest-ranking black officers in the department. Parker pointed to Lt Roscoe Was.h.i.+ngton and said the only thing holding him back was his performance on the written written exam-this despite the fact that black officers routinely received low exam-this despite the fact that black officers routinely received low oral oral evaluations. By insisting the problem was a written exam-no bias there!-Parker was, with lawyerly skill, deflecting attention away from the problem of orals scores. evaluations. By insisting the problem was a written exam-no bias there!-Parker was, with lawyerly skill, deflecting attention away from the problem of orals scores.Never slow to respond: "Racial Bias Accusations False, Says Chief Parker. Explains Police Problem," Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, January 27, 1960, A.It didn't. Forced to: "Council Hears Parker's Recording on 'Wild Tribes,' Chief Denies Slur, Refuses to Apologize," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, February 3, 1960. See also "Demagoguery Loses a Round," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, February 5, 1960.

Chapter Twenty-four: Showgirls"Girls very often like ...": Hecht ma.n.u.script, 39 Hecht Papers, Newberry Library.The rules were strict: "Lid Off L.A.!" Coates, Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, February 15, 1952.Candy Barr was striptease: Shteir, Striptease Striptease, 297.Ordinary women were a: Lewis, Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster, xii-xiii.By the spring of: Ryan, "Dot-dot-dot-It's Just Like Downtown," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1959, B5.Renay had long been: "Liz Renay Indicted on Perjury Charges: Mickey Cohen's Actress Friend Accused of Lying About Raising $5,500 in Loans," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, March 13, 1959, 4.Inwardly, Mickey grieved: Hulse, "Mickey Cohen to Wed Striptease Dancer, 22," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1959, 4.On December 2, 1959: "Cohen Suspect in Slaying, Restaurant's Guests Flee After Shooting," Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, December 3, 1959; Cohen, "Cohen's Own Story of Cafe Shooting," Los Angeles Herald Los Angeles Herald, December 3, 1959. For more background on Whalen, see also Lieberman, "Cop Befriends a Crook," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 29, 2008."A man walked in ...": Korman, "Hoodlum Shot to Death, Victim Ripe for Killing, Police Report," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, December 4, 1950, 14."Obviously, he is,": "Shooting Takes Place Six Feet from Mickey," Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, December 3, 1958.The police then got: "Mickey Cohen Jailed in Murder of Bookie," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, December 4, 1959, 1.Six days later: "Slayer of Bookmaker Surrenders to Police," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, December 9, 1959, 1.Brown called in Chief: "Witnesses Deny They Saw Whalen Shooting," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, March 11, 1960, B32. See also Lieberman, "Noir Justice Catches Up with Mickey Cohen," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2008; "Admits Slaying Bookie, Claims It Was 'Self Defense,'" Los Angeles Examiner Los Angeles Examiner, December 9, 1959.Prosecutors tried to put: Lieberman, "Noir Justice Catches Up with Mickey Cohen," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2008.The Whalen shooting quickly: Blake, "First Such Convention in City Brings With It Host of New Problems," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 30, 1960.The convention began under: "Kennedy's 'Pad' in L.A.-Dirty s.h.i.+rts and Disorder," San Francisco Call-Bulletin San Francisco Call-Bulletin, July 15, 1960.From the start, Parker: "Noise, Cheers, Applause, Songs-and 3 Candidates," Kansas City Times Kansas City Times, April 11, 1960; "Big Squeeze Boosts Police for Kennedy," Los Angeles Mirror Los Angeles Mirror, July 11, 1960.The LAPD also proved: Fleming, "Stevenson Supporters Try to Invade Arena, Extra Police Rushed to Entrance as Chanting Crowd of 600 Mills About," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, July 14, 1960.By all accounts, the: See, for instance, "The Bright Badge of the L.A.P.D.," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times editorial, August 9, 1960, B4. editorial, August 9, 1960, B4."Eating out of the ...": Russo, The Outfit The Outfit, 407.Parker was delighted.: "Parker Hails Kennedy as Crime Foe," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, December 17, 1960, 12; "Chief Parker May Head US Crime Probers," Los Angeles Herald-Express Los Angeles Herald-Express, December 22, 1960.To the sixty-six: Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life Robert Kennedy: His Life, 114."I have a high: "Chief Parker May Head US Crime Probers," Los Angeles Herald-Express Los Angeles Herald-Express, December 22, 1960; White, "Parker Takes Swipe at FBI," Los Angeles Mirror Los Angeles Mirror, December 22, 1960.Ethel was a prankster: Thomas, Robert Kennedy: His Life Robert Kennedy: His Life, 117.To Mickey Cohen, the: More specifically, prosecutors charged Cohen with evading roughly $30,000 in taxes between 1956 and 1958 and also with avoiding another $347,000 in taxes (plus interest and penalties) between 1945 and 1950, in addition to several other infringements of the law. See Korman, "Convict Cohen a Second Time Tax Offender: Guilty of Beating U.S. out of $400,000," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, July 1, 1961, 3. Cohen's previous tax conviction had been for avoiding $130,000 in taxes between 1946 and 1948. The decision to charge Cohen with concealing even more income in the immediate postwar years reflected new discoveries about Cohen's gambling income from that era."There's no question about...": Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 195-96.The first investor appeared: "Cohen's Story Contract Presented at His Trial," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 19, 1961, 30; "$9,000 Advance for Cohen, Screenplay Told," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 20, 1961, 11; Korman, "2 FILM COMICS ADD SPICE TO COHEN'S TRIAL: FILM COMICS ADD SPICE TO COHEN'S TRIAL: Jerry Lewis, Skelton on Witness Stand," Jerry Lewis, Skelton on Witness Stand," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, May 25, 1961, A7; "Ben Hecht Sees Cohen as Top Book Material," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 18, 1961, B2.The next witness after: "Candy Barr Tells About Being Cohen's 'Sweetie:' Jailed Stripper Testifies How Ex-Hoodlum Helped Her Flee U.S. to Mexico Hide-way," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 3, 1961, 12.The answer was yes: Caen, "Another World: Search for the Prize Topper," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1960, B5; "US. Rests Cohen Income Tax Case," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 17, 1961, 9."I feel it's now ...": "Cohen Defense Claims He Was Losing Money," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1961, 11.Mickey responded by instructing: Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 205.Reporters noted that he: "Mickey Cohen Jaunty Again-in Volkswagen," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1961, 26.Then, two weeks later: "Mickey Cohen, 4 Others Indicted in Murder Plot, All Accused in Dec. 2, 1959 Slaying of Jack Whalen in Sherman Oaks Cafe," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1961, 2.

Chapter Twenty-five: The Muslim Cult"'Civil disobedience'... simply means ...": Manion, "Anarchy Imminent," May 30, 1965.Police lieutenant Tom Bradley: Indeed, Bradley's promotion and appointment to Wils.h.i.+re Division was widely seen as a promotion in the black community. Lomax, "Bradley Makes 'Loot,' Just in Time for the Vote on the Police Pay Raise," Los Angeles Tribune Los Angeles Tribune, October 31, 1958.Poulson, meanwhile, struggled with: Los Angeles has nonpartisan primaries. Any candidate who wins more than 50 percent of the vote in the primary automatically wins election to the office in question. If no candidate wins an outright majority, then the two top vote-getters meet for a rematch in the general election. The top vote-getter in that election then claims the contested office.In his public appearances: See "All Elections Promises Kept, Yorty a.s.serts. But Black Leaders Flat Contradict His Claim That He Never Promised to Fire Chief Parker," Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, July 9, 1962.In fact, Yorty did: Ainsworth, Maverick Mayor Maverick Mayor, 129, 132-33.The next day, newspapers: Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 9, 1961. See "Two Cited Under Lynch Law After Park Riot," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1961, for an account of the case. See also "This Is not Alabama," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times editorial, June 1, 1960. editorial, June 1, 1960."I have confidence in...": Gottlieb and Wolt, Thinking Big Thinking Big, 364-65; "Yorty, Parker Clash: Chief Denies Charge of Ballot 'Gestapo,'" Los Angeles Examiner Los Angeles Examiner, June 9, 1961.Rumor had it that: The rumor seems to have started with councilman Carl Rundberg, who after the mayor and police chief's meeting, expressed a desire to know "what Parker had on Yorty." Parker denied the allegation, but Rundberg rejoined that he personally had heard Parker play back recordings of negative remarks made by Yorty about the police. See Hollywood Citizen-News Hollywood Citizen-News, February 18, 1963.

Daryl Gates would later categorically deny that Parker collected dirt on Yorty and other politicians. Perhaps this is true (although Yorty's allegations seem similar to those leveled by Norris Poulson in 1952). What is striking, though, is that most observers at the time believed he did and feared the chief accordingly. Author interview with Daryl Gates, December 10, 2004.The officers had heard: "Six Muslim Suspects Held in Row at Market," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, September 3, 1961; Branch, Pillar of Fire Pillar of Fire, 4-15.Malcolm X's efforts put: Branch, Pillar of Fire Pillar of Fire, 11. See Los Angeles Sentinel Los Angeles Sentinel, May 17, 1962, for a slightly different account.In early June, a: Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 476."The Negro community here ...": "Parker a.s.sails Bishop's View of Negro Policy," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, January 18, 1963, A1."This city can't be ...": Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 475-76.

Chapter Twenty-six: The Gas Chamber"Don't worry": Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 214.Cohen's indictment arose from: Reid, Mickey Cohen Mickey Cohen, 69; "Officers Out to Get Cohen, LoCigno Says," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, March 22, 1962, A2.Although he was willing: "Under Table, Didn't See Slayer, Cohen Says," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1962, 30.Cohen's attorneys did not: "Cohen's Defense Closes Murder Trial Argument," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 5, 1962, 34."This is a crazy town...": Coates, "A Cool Customer in a Hot Spot," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1962, B7."Although much testimony of...": "Mickey Cohen Murder Charges Dismissed," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, March 19, 1962, 2. LoCigno's earlier conviction had been vacated by an appeals court. However, he did not go free. Later that fall, he was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to one to ten years' imprisonment. "Lo Cigno Rules Guilty of Manslaughter," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 15, 1962, B8.Cohen had dodged the: Lewis, Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster, 278-79, 280-81."Don't worry about me,": Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 214.In October, Cohen was: "Mickey Cohen Sues U.S.," New York Times New York Times, February 18, 1964, 22; Lewis, Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster, 284-86."Violence in Los Angeles ...": "An a.n.a.lysis of the McCone Commission Report," California Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, January 1966, LAPD official records box 84638, CRC."I doubt that Los ...": "Police Chief William H. Parker Speaks," a compilation of Parker statements prepared by the Community Relations Conference of Southern California, 2400 South Western Avenue, Los Angeles, California, available in Parker's FBI file, 62-96042-109.

Chapter Twenty-seven: Watts"This community has done ...": Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 475-76.Minikus told Marquette that: My account of the beginning of the riots comes from Robert Conot's Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness (6-29) and from the Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots report (the so-called McCone Commission), issued December 5, 1965, reprinted in Robert Fogelson, ed., (6-29) and from the Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots report (the so-called McCone Commission), issued December 5, 1965, reprinted in Robert Fogelson, ed., Ma.s.s Violence in America Ma.s.s Violence in America (10-23). Frye would later challenge this account, claiming that the Highway Patrol officer had been preparing to release him until other officers arrived with a nastier att.i.tude. See Horne, (10-23). Frye would later challenge this account, claiming that the Highway Patrol officer had been preparing to release him until other officers arrived with a nastier att.i.tude. See Horne, The Fire Next Time The Fire Next Time, 54.It was a sweltering: Conot, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness, 6.Gates had enjoyed a: Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, June 2, 1965, CRC sc.r.a.pbook.What he saw was: Gates, Chief Chief, 90.The police had regrouped: In fact, thanks to the strike at Harvey Aluminum, L.A. County sheriff Peter Pritchess had also placed a sizable number of deputy sheriffs on alert near the area-roughly two hundred. Nothing prevented Deputy Chief Murdock from calling them in as a.s.sistance. Yet no calls were made that night to the sheriff's department. Conot, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness, 50, 65.

This characterization of the early morning comes from the McCone Commission report, cited above. Gates, Chief Chief, 90-91, portrays events of the first morning in a less positive light.Chief Parker did not: "'Pseudoleaders Who Can't Lead,' Blamed by Parker," Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, August 15, 1965; "Los Angeles Police Chief William H. Parker 3d," New York Times New York Times, August 14, 1965.Around midnight, the comedian: Gregory, Call On My Soul Call On My Soul, 111.They didn't. By 4: Gates, Chief Chief, 99.At 9:45 a.m., Parker: Parker would later claim that Colonel Quick, the National Guard liaison present at the 9:45 LAPD staff meeting, had received the request and promised the chief to submit it immediately. Colonel Quick, in contrast, would recall a more general conversation, one that did not include a direct and specific request for the Guard.At 11 a.m., Governor Brown's: Anderson did order the Guard to marshal forces at local armories at 5 p.m. Friday afternoon, in the event a call-up was necessary. Anderson would tell the McCone Commission that he had been advised that a five o'clock call out was the earliest time feasible for a guard deployment. Unaware of the location of the Third Brigade, the lieutenant governor thus felt that he had the afternoon to investigate and deliberate.To Parker, it was: Gottlieb and Wolt, Thinking Big Thinking Big, 378.The other important freeway: Author interview with Harold Sullivan, July 26, 2007.Friday night brought something: Horne, Fire This Time Fire This Time, 72.Desperate to restore order: According to the McCone Commission, the maximum deployment of the LAPD during the riots was 934 officers; the maximum for the sheriff's department was 719 officers. For an account of Parker's television appearance, see Conot, Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness, 348-49.To groups like: Horwitt, Let Them Call Me Rebel Let Them Call Me Rebel, xvStill, King tried to: Horne, Fire This Time Fire This Time, 183.To Mayor Sam Yorty: Parker's concerns about communist agitation would at one time have been quite understandable. According to Horne, during the 1940s, Los Angeles "had one of the highest concentrations of Communists in the nation," with roughly 4,000 card-carrying members. However, by 1965, the power the party once held over Hollywood's unions and the city's trade unions-and in L.A.'s African American community-had been broken. In comparison, the Nation of Islam (which Parker insisted on viewing as some adjunct of the party) emphasized an almost Booker T. Was.h.i.+ngton-like ideology of black self-sufficiency. Horne, Fire This Time Fire This Time, 5, 11. See also Hertel and Blake, "Parker Hints Muslims Took Part in Rioting," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, August 17, 1965.At 2 a.m. on the: LAPD informant Louis Tackwood would later claim that he had instigated the call at the department's behest. Horne, Fire This Time Fire This Time, 126; Erwin Baker, "Mills Tells Parker to Explain Raid: Chief Denies Councilman Has Right to Quiz Him on Muslims," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1965, 3. Parker later agreed to testify. "L.A. Councilmen to Hear Parker," Valley-Times Valley-Times, September 11, 1965.The following day, the: Horne, Fire This Time Fire This Time, 127-28.On August 29: "Chief William Parker Speaks," Parker FBI file.California governor Pat Brown: Fogelson, "White on Black," 114.The testimony of many: Fogelson, "White on Black," 124, quoting testimony of Mervyn Dymally, "statement prepared for the Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots," October 11, 1965, 2.Parker, Ferraro, and Yorty: Fogelson, "White on Black," 126, quoting testimony of Mervyn Dymally, "statement prepared for the Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots," October 11, 1965, 2.Civil rights leaders attacked: See Rustin, "The Watts 'Manifesto' and the McCone Report," 147, for the typical reading of this statement."I have my suspicions": "Riot Hearings Boil, Parker, Bradley in Row Over 'Mystery Man,'" Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, September 14, 1965. See also Dallas Morning News Dallas Morning News, September 14, 1965.Parker's combative appearances belied: Memorandum from Acting Chief Richard Simon to Police Commission, "Subject: Request for Five Additional Positions of Lt of Police to Be Community Relations Officers," October 12, 1965, CRC.But the commission raised: See the section of the McCone Commission report ent.i.tled "Law Enforcement-the Thin Thread;" Rustin, "The Watts 'Manifesto' and the McCone Report," 153."I think they're afraid: Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, January 24, 1966.Parker's popularity dissuaded the: von Hoffman, "L.A. Chief Overlooked a Bad Heart to Serve," Was.h.i.+ngton Post Was.h.i.+ngton Post, July 18, 1966, A1.Privately, however, many recognized: FBI memorandum to Mr. Felt from H. L. Edars, "Subject: NDAA Midyear Meeting, Tucson, AZ," March 4, 1966, Parker FBI file; "Parker Out of Hospital, Will Rest," Hollywood Citizen-News Hollywood Citizen-News, March 15, 1965.The memo concluded by: It should also be noted that Parker believed that, after rising 130 percent in nine years, crime had "plateaued." Newsom, "Men Efficient, Vigilant, Brave, Chief Relates," Hollywood Citizen-News Hollywood Citizen-News, June 20, 1965.On the evening of: West, "Chief Parker Collapses, Dies at Award Banquet, Stricken During Standing Ovation by Marine Veterans," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1966.His death will be: Houston, "Police Chief Parker's Death Mourned in City and State, Meeting May Be Today to Name his Successor," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1966; "Friends, Critics Praise Parker," Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, June 18, 1966.At the funeral home: "6000 Pay Last Tribute to Parker, Chief Eulogized in Congress," Los Angeles Herald-Examiner Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, July 21, 1966, A16.

Chapter Twenty-eight: R.I.P."I don't want to ...": Lewis, Hollywood's Gangster Celebrity Hollywood's Gangster Celebrity, 318."The notions in it,": Domanick, To Protect and to Serve To Protect and to Serve, 155-56; Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 502.Four LAPD patrol cars: Gates, Chief Chief, 147-53. Information about the LAPD's secret policy of providing police escorts to visiting dignitaries comes from an author interview with former police commissioner Frank Hathaway, February 17, 2008."I'm gonna use you ...": Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 233."I got a definite ...": Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 234-36.Once again, a crowd: Lewis, Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster, 307.Then it was on: Cohen, In My Own Words In My Own Words, 238-43.In September 1975, Mickey: Lewis, Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster, 325.Epilogue"This city is plagued ...": Mydans, "'It Could Happen Again,' Report on Los Angeles Riots Blames Police and City," New York Times New York Times, October 25, 1992.In 1969, LAPD: Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 504.Just before: "Politics and the LAPD," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 11, 1969, C6.Reddin's decision to step: Woods, "The Progressives and the Police," 505; Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 88.It took Bradley: Dominick, To Protect and to Serve To Protect and to Serve, 160, 294.In January 1978, after: Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 90. After his resignation in 1978, Davis did run for office, winning election as a Republican to the state senate in 1980.Mayor Bradley didn't want: Gates, Chief Chief, 174."You know," Gates replied: Gates, Chief Chief, 176.There were three pa.s.sengers: Lou Cannon's Official Negligence Official Negligence provides a convincing-and strikingly revisionist-account of the Rodney King beatings. For anyone interested in the history of Los Angeles, the LAPD, or policing in general, Cannon's book is a must-read. provides a convincing-and strikingly revisionist-account of the Rodney King beatings. For anyone interested in the history of Los Angeles, the LAPD, or policing in general, Cannon's book is a must-read.The LAPD hierarchy was: Gates, Chief Chief, 316, 318.The Police Commission, whose: Gates, Chief Chief, 340.Three months later, on: Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 142-44.One of the commission's most: Gates, Chief Chief, 348-49; Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 139.Gates immediately recognized that: Gates, Chief Chief, 351.At least, that was: Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 264.The mood at police: Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 300.Gates did not return: Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 305, 341.On June 2: Cannon, Official Negligence Official Negligence, 356; "Final Election Returns," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1992, A20. See also Sahagun, "Riots Transform Campaign on Police Reform," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 31, 1992, B1; and Berger, "Elections '92 LAPD Disciplinary System to Undergo Major Restructuring Police," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1992, B3.

Select BibliographyA Note on Sources:Many of the periodicals cited in the Notes and below came from the LAPD sc.r.a.pbooks at the City Records Center (CRC) in Los Angeles. Often these clippings lack page numbers or even headlines. I have tried to provide the most complete citation possible, citing the paper's name at the time of each article publication. (The sc.r.a.pbooks may be reviewed in person at the City Records Center at the Piper Technical Center downtown.)Files identified as LAPD departmental records are stored at the CRC but are not available to the general public.Adams, Val. "Mike Wallace Puts Out Dragnet to Line Up 'Talent' for His New Show," New York Times New York Times, April 21, 1957.Ainsworth, Ed. Maverick Mayor: A Biography of Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles Maverick Mayor: A Biography of Sam Yorty, Mayor of Los Angeles. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966.Alexander, David. Star Trek Creator: The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry Star Trek Creator: The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry. New York: ROC, 1994.Anderson, Clinton. Beverly Hills Is My Beat Beverly Hills Is My Beat. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960.Baker, Erwin. "Mills Tells Parker to Explain Raid: Chief Denies Councilman Has Right to Quiz Him on Muslims," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1965.Ba.s.s, Sandra, and John T. Donovan. "The Los Angeles Police Department" in The Development of Los Angeles City Government: An Inst.i.tutional History, 1850-2000 The Development of Los Angeles City Government: An Inst.i.tutional History, 1850-2000. Los Angeles: Los Angeles City Historical Society, 2007.Becker, Bill. "Police Brutality on Coast Denied: Los Angeles Chief Answers Charges of Anti-Negro Tactics by His Force," New York Times New York Times, January 27, 1960.Berger, Leslie. "Elections '92 LAPD Disciplinary System to Undergo Major Restructuring Police," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 4, 1992.Blake, Gene. "First Such Convention in City Brings with It Host of New Problems," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 30, 1960.Branch, Taylor. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963-65 Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963-65. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998.____. At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965-1968 At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years 1965-1968. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.Caen, Herb. "Another World: Search for the Prize Topper," Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 15, 1960.Caldwell, B. R. Letter to HQ, Los Angeles Procurement District, February 23, 1943. William H. Parker Police Foundation archives.California Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. "An a.n.a.lysis of the McCone Commission Report." January 1966. LAPD official records box 84638, City Records Center.California Eagle. "Police Investigation Points Up Brutality In Minority Community." June 30, 1949.California Special Crime Study Commission on Organized Crime reports. March 7, 1949; January 31, 1950; November 15, 1950; and May 11, 1953. Sacramento, California.Cannon, Lou. Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD. New York: Times Books, 1997.Carte, Gene, and Elaine Carte. Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975.Chandler, Raymond. "The Simple Art of Murder." The Atlantic Monthly The Atlantic Monthly. December 1944.____. The Big Sleep and Farewell, My Lovely The Big Sleep and Farewell, My Lovely. New York: The Modern Library, 1995.Chicago Daily Tribune. "Lana's Romance with Stompanato Cools: Star Asks to Be Left Alone." April 10, 1958.Chicago Sun-Times. "Ex-Marine Tightened Up Los Angeles Police." March 12, 1952.Chicago Tribune. "Cohen Admits Big Gambling Take in Hotel Dice Games," June 22, 1961.City Council Minutes. August 14, 1934, 234-35.________. Vol. 249, October 5, 1934, 18. Los Angeles City Archives, Piper Technical Center.________. Vol. 247, June 14, 1934, 248. See also the attached city council files, Los Angeles City Archives, Piper Technical Center, File No. 3140 (1934)._________. Vol. 248, August 14, 1934, 235-36. See City Council Minutes, August 15, 1934.____. Memorandum to the City Council from the Police Commission, "Subject: Council File No. 89512," August 6, 1959, CRC.City News Service. "Parker Hits at Highest Court Ruling in Irvine 'Bookie' Case," Los Angeles Journal Los Angeles Journal, February 19, 1954.Civil Rights Congress, "Is the Police Department Above the Law?" pamphlet, Southern California Library, Los Angeles.Clarke, John, and Joseph Saldana, "True Life Story of Mickey Cohen." July 1949.Coates, Paul. "Midnight Memo to the Mayor," Los Angeles Mirror Los Angeles Mirror. July 20, 1953.____. "Lid Off L.A.!" Los Angeles Mirror-News Los Angeles Mirror-News, February 15, 1952.______. "A Cool Customer in a Hot Spot." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, April 15, 1962.Cohen, Michael. "Cohen's Own Story of Cafe Shooting." Los Angeles Herald Los Angeles Herald, December 3, 1959. CRC sc.r.a.pbook.Cohen, Mickey. Unpublished ma.n.u.script, n.p., Hecht Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago.Cohen, Mickey, as told to John Peer Nugent. In My Own Words In My Own Words. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1975.Cohen letter to Hecht, March 22, 1964. Newberry Library, Chicago.Conot, Robert. Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness: The Unforgettable Cla.s.sic Account of the Watts Riot Rivers of Blood, Years of Darkness: The Unforgettable Cla.s.sic Account of the Watts Riot. New York: Bantam, 1967.Cosmopolitan. "Portrait of a Punk."Davidson, Bill. "The Mafia Can't Crack Los Angeles." Sat.u.r.day Evening Post Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, July 31, 1965.Davis, Clark. "The View from Spring Street: White-Collar Men in the City of Angeles" in Metropolis in the Making Metropolis in the Making.Demaris, Ovid. The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno The Last Mafioso: The Treacherous World of Jimmy Fratianno. New York: Times Books, 1981.Dixon, Jane. "Problems of a Working Girl: Queer Aspects of Human Nature Exhibited to Quiet and Watchful Theater Workers, Says Love Is Catching 'Like the Measles.'" Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, July 15, 1919.Domanick, Joe. To Protect and to Serve: The LAPD's Century of War in the City of Dreams To Protect and to Serve: The LAPD's Century of War in the City of Dreams. New York: Pocket Books, 1994.Donner, Frank. The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America's Political Intelligence System The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America's Political Intelligence System. New York: Random House, 1980.Escobar, Edward. Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Ident.i.ty: Mexican-Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department 1900-1945 Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Ident.i.ty: Mexican-Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department 1900-1945. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999.____ "b.l.o.o.d.y Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s," Pacific Historical Review Pacific Historical Review 72, 2. 72, 2.Ethington, Philip. "The Global s.p.a.ces of Los Angeles, 1920s-1930s" in Gyan Prakash and Kevin Kruse, eds., The s.p.a.ces of the Modern City The s.p.a.ces of the Modern City. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.Federal Bureau of Investigation, Freedom of Information Act files: Meyer Harris Cohen, File #7-HQ-5908, 58-HQ-6129, 92-HQ-3156; James Dragna; William H. Parker (see in particular August 2, 1963, memo, Parker FBI file, for the origins of the FBI feud); Johnny Roselli; Bugsy Siegel; and Lana Turner.Findley, James Clifford. "The Economic Boom of the 'Twenties in Los Angeles," unpublished dissertation, Claremont (California) Graduate School, 1958.Fishgall, Gary. Gonna Do Great Things: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr Gonna Do Great Things: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.Fleming, Lou. "Stevenson Supporters Try to Invade Arena, Extra Police Rushed to Entrance as Chanting Crowd of 600 Mills About." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, July 14, 1960.Fogelson, Robert. Big City Police Big City Police. Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1977.________ The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930 The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles, 1850-1930. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993.____, ed. Ma.s.s Violence in America: The Los Angeles Riots Ma.s.s Violence in America: The Los Angeles Riots. New York: Arno Press, 1969.____. "White on Black: A Critique of the McCone Commission Report on the Los Angeles Riots" in Robert Fogelson, ed. The Los Angeles Riots The Los Angeles Riots. New York: Arno Press, 1969.Ford, John Anson. Honest Politics My Theme Honest Politics My Theme. New York: Vantage Press, 1978.Fox, Stephen. Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth-Century America Blood and Power: Organized Crime in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Penguin, 1989.Frank, Benis, interviewer. "Oral History Transcript: General William Worton." Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: Historical Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.Frawley, Harry. "Police Board Will Use More Power-Mayor." Valley Times Valley Times, August 8, 1950.Friedrich, Otto. City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940's City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in the 1940's. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.Gabler, Neil. An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood. New York: Doubleday, 1989.Garland, Hamlin. Diaries Diaries. San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1968, p. 40.Gates, Daryl. Chief: My Life in the L.A.P.D Chief: My Life in the L.A.P.D. New York: Bantam Books, 1992.Giesler, Jerry. Hollywood Lawyer: The Jerry Giesler Story Hollywood Lawyer: The Jerry Giesler Story. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1960.Gottlieb, Robert, and Irene Wolt. Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times and Its Publishers and Their Impact on Southern California Thinking Big: The Story of the Los Angeles Times and Its Publishers and Their Impact on Southern California. New York: Putnam, 1977.Governor's Commission on the Los Angeles Riots, issued December 5, 1965. Reprinted in Robert Fogelson, ed. Ma.s.s Violence in America: The Los Angeles Riots Ma.s.s Violence in America: The Los Angeles Riots.Graham, Billy. Just As I Am Just As I Am. New York: Harper SanFrancisco, 1997.Gregory, d.i.c.k. Callus on My Soul: A Memoir Callus on My Soul: A Memoir. New York: Kensington Books, 2002.Harnisch, Larry. "Cohen Talks." Daily Mirror Blog Daily Mirror Blog, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2007/05/cohen_talks.html.Hayde, Michael. My Name's Friday: The Unauthorized but True Story of My Name's Friday: The Unauthorized but True Story of Dragnet Dragnet and the Films of Jack Webb and the Films of Jack Webb. Nashville: c.u.mberland House, 2001.Hecht, Ben. Unpublished draft of Mickey Cohen biography dated February 6, 1959. Box 7. Ben Hecht Papers, Newberry Library, Chicago, IL.____. A Child of the Century A Child of the Century. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954.Henstell, Bruce. Suns.h.i.+ne and Wealth: Los Angeles in the Twenties and Thirties Suns.h.i.+ne and Wealth: Los Angeles in the Twenties and Thirties. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1984.Hertel, Howard, and Gene Blake. "Parker Hints Muslims Took Part in Rioting." August 17, 1965.Hill. Gladwin. "5-Year Term Given to Mickey Cohen; Judge Finds Gambler 'Not So Bad." New York Times New York Times, July 10, 1951.Hilty, James W. Robert Kennedy, Brother Protector Robert Kennedy, Brother Protector. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.Hollywood Citizen-News. "Mickey s.h.i.+fted to New Jail to End 'Privileges,' Crowding at County Bastille the Official Cause," February 8, 1952, CRC sc.r.a.pbooks.____. "Parker Hints at Crackdown, Own Cleanup May Forestall Jury Action," March 27, 1952.____. "4 Named to Police Board by Poulson," July 2, 1953.____. "Hidden Mike Barred, Beverly Bookie Case Upset by High Court," April 28, 1955.______ "Mickey Can't Have L.A. Bar, Officers Rule," October 10, 1955.____. Unt.i.tled article, February 18, 1963.____. "Parker Out of Hospital, Will Rest," March 15, 1965.Hopkins, Ernest Jerome. Our Lawless Police: A Study of Unlawful Law Enforcement Our Lawless Police: A Study of Unlawful Law Enforcement. New York: Viking, 1931.Horne, Gerald. Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1995.Horwitt, Sanford. Let Them Call Me Rebel Let Them Call Me Rebel. New York: Knopf, 1989.Hulse, Jerry. "Mickey Cohen to Wed Striptease Dancer, 22." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1959.Hurewitz, Daniel. Bohemian Los Angeles and the Making of Modern Politics Bohemian Los Angeles and the Making of Modern Politics. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2007.Houston, Paul. "Police Chief Parker's Death Mourned in City and State, Meeting May Be Today to Name His Successor." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, June 19, 1966.Irey, Hugh, "An Open Letter to the Mayor: Ex-Official Tells LA Police Stymie." Los Angeles Mirror Los Angeles Mirror, July 13, 1953._______ "Police Dept. 'Split' Bared." Los Angeles Mirror Los Angeles Mirror, July 14, 1953.Jacoby, Norman. "Highlights in the Life of the Chief of Police." Eight Ball Eight Ball, March 1966. William H. Parker Police Foundation archives.Jennings, Dean. We Only Kill Each Other: The Life and Bad Times of Bugsy Siegel We Only Kill Each Other: The Life and Bad Times of Bugsy Siegel. New York: Penguin, 1992._______ "MICKEY COHEN: The Private Life of a Hood." Sat.u.r.day Evening Post Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, parts 1-4, September 20, 1958; September 27, 1958; October 4, 1958; and October, 1958.________. "Portrait of a Police Chief." Sat.u.r.day Evening Post Sat.u.r.day Evening Post, May 7, 1960.Johnson, David R. "Siegel, Bugsy." http://anb.org/articles/20/20-01749.html; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000, access date: July 17, 2006.Johnston, Alva. "The Cauliflower King-I." The New Yorker The New Yorker, April 8, 1933.Kansas City Times. "Noise, Cheers, Applause, Songs-and 3 Candidates." April 11, 1960, CRC sc.r.a.pbooks.Kefauver, Estes. Crime in America Crime in America. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Company, 1951.Kendall, Sydney. The Queen of the Red-Lights The Queen of the Red-Lights, pamphlet published by W J. Phillips, 1906. Special Collections, UCLA. Los Angeles, CA.Kennedy, Robert. The Enemy Within The Enemy Within. New York: Popular Library, 1960.King Jr., Martin Luther. "Beyond the Los Angeles Riots." Sat.u.r.day Review Sat.u.r.day Review, November 13, 1965, 33-35, 105.Klein, Norman. The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory. New York: Verso, 1997.Kooistra, AnnMarie. "Angels for Sale: The History of Prost.i.tution in Los Angeles, 1880-1940." University of Southern California Dissertation, August 2003.Korman, Seymour. "Hoodlum Shot to Death, Victim Ripe for Killing, Police Report." Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, December 4, 1950.____. "2 FILM COMICS ADD SPICE TO COHEN'S TRIAL: Jerry Lewis, Skelton on Witness Stand." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 25,1961.____. "Convict Cohen a Second Time Tax Offender: Guilty of Beating U.S. Out of $400,000," Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune, July 1, 1961.Kyle, Palmer. "Porter or Bonelli for City's Next Mayor." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, May 26, 1929.Lacey, Robert. Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1991.Leppard, Stan. "Mr. Lucky Thrives on Borrowed Time." Los Angeles Herald & Express Los Angeles Herald & Express, December 3, 1959.Lieberman, Paul. "Cop Befriends a Crook" Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 29, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-gangster29-2008oct29,0,4555503,full.story.____. "Crusaders in the Underworld: The LAPD Takes On Organized Crime." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 26, 2008.____. "Noir Justice Catches Up with Mickey Cohen," November 1, 2008. "Up with Mickey Cohen." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, November 1, 2008.____. "'Dragnet' Tales Drawn from LAPD Files Burnished the Department's Image." Los Angeles Times Los Angeles Times, October 30, 2008, http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-gangsterwebb30-2008oct30,0,6588206.story.Lewis, Brad. Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster: The Incredible Life and Times of Mickey Cohen Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster: The Incredible Life and Times of Mickey Cohen. New York: Enigma Books, 2007.Life magazine. "Trouble in Los Angeles," January 16, 1950. magazine. "Trouble in Los Angeles," January 16, 1950.Liptak, Adam. "U.S. Is Alone in Rejecting All Evidence If Police Err." New York New York Times Times, July 19, 2008.Lomax, Almena. "Bradley Makes 'Loot,' Just in Time for the Vote on the Police Pay Raise." Los Angeles Tribune Los Angeles Tribune, October 31, 1958.Los Angeles Daily News. "CONVICT DESCRIBES KILLING BY L.A. COP: Slaying of 'Peewee' Lewis Described at San Quentin." June 7, 1949.____. "Police Network in 20 Cities to Keep Constant Tab on Mobs." November 11, 1947.Los Angeles Examiner. "W H. Parker Heads Fire Police League." January 7, 1949.__________. "Grand Jury to Attack Police Trials System." September 7, 1949.____. "Law for Policemen Took," editorial, November 14, 1949.____. "Wild Party by 100 Police Described, Youth Tells of Beatings at Police Yule Party," March 19, 1952.____. "An Inadequate Answer," editorial, May 2, 1952.____. "Chief Parker Expected to Quit in Bowron Row," May 27, 1952.________. "Admits Slaying Bookie, Claims It Was 'Self Defense,'" December 9, 1959.____. "Yorty, Parker Clash: Chief Denies Charge of Ballot 'Gestapo,'" June 9, 1961.Los Angeles Herald. "Committee of Safety Makes Its Report," November 8, 1900.Los Angeles Herald-Examiner. "Bowron Denies Parker Ouster," May 27, 1952.____. "All Election Promises Kept, Yorty a.s.serts. But Black Leaders Flat Contradict His Claim That He Never Promised to Fire Chief Parker," July 9, 1962.____. "'Pseudoleaders Who Can't Lead,' Blamed by Parker," August 15, 1965.____. "Riot Hearings Boil, Parker, Bradley in Row Over 'Mystery Man,'" September 14, 1965.____. "The Case of Earl Kynette," July 8, 1966.____. "Friends, Critics Praise Parker," July 18, 1966.____. "6000 Pay Last Tribute to Parker, Chief Eulogized in Congress," July 21, 1966.Los Angeles Herald-Express. "Cohen 'Safe' in U.S. Cell, Moved to Federal Pen, Brutality by Police Told," February 14, 1952.____. "'Cops So Drunk They Fought Each Other to Beat Us,'" March 19, 1952.______ "Charge 750 Police in Office Jobs, Quiz Chief," May 5, 1954._______ "Parker Hits Influx of Parolees to L.A.: Tells City Council of Huge Rise in Crime," March 13, 1959.____. "Parker Rejects Mr. K. Gripe, Russ Police OKd Ban on Disneyland Tour," September 21, 1959.____. "Chief Parker May Head US Crime Probers," December 22, 1960.Los Angeles Mirror. "Mayor Investigates Honorary L.A.P.D. Badges," October 28, 1938, via Larry Harnisch's Daily Mirror Daily Mirror blog ( blog (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/2008/10/mayor-investiga.html).____. "'Innocent' in Cussing, Says Mickey Cohen," August 31, 1949.____. "Worton 'Man of the Year' in Mirror Mirror Mailbag Vote," December 30, 1949. Mailbag Vote," December 30, 1949.____. "Full Story of Mob Shooting of Cohen." July 20, 1949.________. "Move for Action on L.A. Police Brutality Charges." February 26, 1952.____. "6 on Trial Tell More Police Brutalities." March 6, 1952.____. "Parker Clams Up on Jury Quiz." March 27, 1952.____. "Grand Jury Turns Heat on Parker, Report Hits Police Dept. Conditions." April 29, 1952.____. "Bare Yule Police Brutality Transcript." May 13, 1952.____. "Speaking of Snoopers." January 19, 1953.____. "Chief Shrugs at Claim of Cop Brutality, Police Brutality Gets Brush-off by Chief Parker," February 27, 1952.____. "PARKER FORCED TO ACT ON BRUTALITY: Cop Brutality Quiz Demanded by L.A. Judge." March 13, 1952.____. "Florabel Muir Reporting," March 20, 1952.____. "b.l.o.o.d.y Christmas-One Year Later," editorial, December 6, 1952.____. "Chicago Hoodlum Chased by Cops, Goes to 'Vegas,'" January 16, 1953.____. "Give Police Board, Not the Chief, More Power." July 2, 1953.____. "Cal. Employe [sic] Accused as Bunco Go-Between." September 2, 1953.____. "Cohen Jailed for Failure to Register," September 26, 1957, accessed via the Los Angeles Times's Los Angeles Times's invaluable invaluable Daily Mirror Daily Mirror blog ( blog (http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedailymirror/mickey_cohen/index.html), October 12, 2008.____. "Brutal Tactics Told at Hearing," January 26, 1960.____. "Big Squeeze Boosts Police for Kennedy," July 11, 1960.____. "Criminals Laugh at LA Police, Says Chief. Underworld Rejoices in Ruling," May 31, 1955.Los Angeles Mirror-Daily News. "Telephone Tap Defended by Chief Parker," March 7, 1955.____. "Police Instincts of Bill Parker Flourished Early," June 18, 1957.Los Angeles Mirror-News. "PARKER FORCED TO ACT ON BRUTALITY, Cop Brutality Quiz Demanded by L.A. Judge," March 13, 1952.____. "Police Brutality Probe Is Overdue," March 14, 1952.____. "Lawmen Blast High Court Order to Identify Informants in Arrests: Ruling Termed Crippling in Drive on Dope," October 2, 1958.____. "Shooting Takes Place Six Feet From Mickey," December 3, 1958.____. "Keep Cool with Mr. K, Chief Parker tells L.A.," September 7, 1959.____. "Cohen Suspect in Slaying, Restaurant's Guests Flee After Shooting," December 3, 1959.____. "Racial Bias Accusations False, Says Chief Parker. Explains Police Problem," January 27, 1960.Los Angeles Police Departments records, City Records Center (CRC), Los Angeles.Los Angeles Sentinel, May 17, 1962.Los Angeles Times. "Detective McAfee is Exonerated," September 23, 1916.____. "Plans Submitted for Fine Theater: Picture Palace to Follow Elaborate Spanish Architecture," July 11, 1920.____. "The White Spot Glistens Brightly," July 17, 1921.____. "The Soul of the City," June 24, 1923.____. "Oaks Names Kent Parrot, Charges Lawyer Interfered in Police Department, 'Dictatorial and Threatening,'" July 29, 1923.____. "Kent Parrot Accused by Richards as 'Sinister,' Retiring Harbor Commissioner Names Him as Would-Be Boss," August 1, 1923.____. "Dark Trails to City Hall are Uncovered: Now Negro Politicians Make and Unmake Police Vice Squad Told in Heath Case," August 17, 1923.____. "Shall We Re-Elect Kent Parrot?" April 23, 1925.____. "Bledsoe Hurls Defy at Cryer, Challenges Parrot's Status as De-Facto Mayor," April 23, 1925.____. "Champion 'Ag-inner' of Universe Is Shuler, Belligerent Local Pastor Holds All Records for Attacks Upon Everybody, Everything," June 1, 1930.____. "Crawford Career Hectic, Politician Gained Wide Notoriety as 'Pay-Off Man' in Morris Lavine Extortion Case," May 21, 1931.____. "ARE GANGSTERS BUILDING ANOTHER CHICAGO HERE?: Police Officially Deny It; Admit Privately Facts," March 29, 1931.____. "Penny Money At Cafe: Clinton 'Caveteria' Caters to Customers of Lean Purse," October 14, 1932.____. "Complete Vote Received for Thursday's Election," September 30, 1934.____. "Chief s.h.i.+fts 28 Officers in New Shake-Up of Police," March 9, 1939.____. "Davis Defends Police Spying at Bombing Trial, Bitter Clashes Mark Chief's Day on Stand," April 27, 1939.____. "Police Due for Shake-up Tomorrow, Chief Announces: New Divisions Will Be Organized and s.h.i.+fts Made of Many Uniformed Officers in Sweeping Program," November 30, 1939.____. "Policewoman Implicates Sgt. Stoker in Burglary, Love for Vice Squad Man Admitted by Audrey [sic] Davis," July 3, 1949.____. "Murder Plot Story Filed: Testimony Transcript in Siegel Case Gives Gang," August 31, 1940.____. "Siegel Denies Buchalter Aid: Film Colony Figure Testifies on Removal Fight," May 27, 1941.____. "Plunge Fatal to Gangster, State Witness Against Buchalter and Others Attempts to Escape," November 13, 1941.____. "j.a.panese Aliens' Roundup Starts: F.B.I. Hunting Down 300 Subversives and Plans to Hold 3000 Today," December 8, 1941.____. "Little Tokyo Banks and Concerns Shut, Even Saloons Padlocked; Extra Police on Duty to Prevent Riots," December 9, 1941.____. "Round Up of j.a.panese Aliens in Southland Now Totals 500: Officers, Working with F.B.I., Continue Hunt; Asiatic, Who Had Pledged Loyalty, Found with Guns," December 9, 1941.____. "Widow of Victim Heard at Murder Trial of Siegel: Heard Shots Killing Mate," January 27, 1942.____. "Siegel and Carbo Identified as Murder Aides, Tannenbaum Tells Killing," January 28, 1942.____. "Siegel's Attic Capture Told, Witnesses at Death Trial Describe Hunt in Suspect's Mansion," January 31, 1942.____. "Police Officer Keyes Resigns Under Attack," July 26, 1942.____. "Warren Picks First of Crime Commissions: Jeffers and Mudd Among Those Named Under New State Law," October 22, 1947.____. "Year Pa.s.ses but Murder Not Solved: Search for Woman's Slayer Recalls Other Mysteries," February 14, 1949.____. "Bowron Asks Grand Jury Action in Police Scandal, Two Officers Suspended; Cohen Posts $100,000 Bail," March 23, 1949.____. "Cohen Introduces Sound Recorder," May 6, 1949.____. "Cohen to Testify in Partner's Case: Deputy Sheriff Denies Policeman's Story That Meltzer Displayed Gun at Arrest," May 10, 1949.____. "New Police Chief on Job, to Tell Program in Week," July 1, 1949.____. "Chief Names Staff Inspector in Top Level Police Changes: Parker Given Number Two Post," July 15, 1949.____. "Worton s.h.i.+fts 33 in Police Shake-Up: Top Flight Officer Named Intelligence Aide to Chief in Reorganization Move," August 4, 1949.____. "Hidden Microphones Hear Cohen Secrets, Police Device Records Intimate Talks in Home," August 16, 1949.____. "Police s.h.i.+ft Offices Due to City Hall Jam," August 19, 1949.____. "Parker Appointed New Police Chief Head, Patrol Division Head Promoted in Climax to Hot Battle Over Worton's Successor," August 3, 1950.____. "Parker Declares City Is White Spot of Nation," August 9, 1950.____. "Mad Gunman Captured, Mickey Cohen Tells Inside Story of L.A.," November 18, 1950.____. "Cohen Deals Going Before Jury Today, Federal Inquirers Expected to Hear of Borrowings," February 9, 1951.____. "Truman Speeds War on Crime; Mickey Cohen Pay-off Charged, Racketeers' Tax Returns to Be Eyed," June 2, 1951.____. "Cohen Profits Told as Tax Case Opens, Federal Prosecutor Attacks Gangster's Story of Loans," June 5, 1951.____. "Mickey Cohen Gets 5 Years, $10,000 Fine," July 10, 1951.____. "Newman and Worton Quit Police Board," July 18, 1951.____. "Chief Parker Hits Brutality Stories," February 28, 1952.____. "F.B.I. Probing L.A. Police Brutality," March 14, 1952.____. "Under Table, Didn't See Slayer, Cohen Says," March 29, 1952, 30.____. "Grand Jury Indicts Eight Officers in Beating Case," April 23, 1952.____. "36 L.A. Policemen Face Discipline for Brutality," June 17, 1952.____. "Verbal Battles by Lawyers Rock Public Housing Quiz," May 21, 1953.____. "Poulson Pledges War on Gangsters: Mayor-Elect Maps Plans with Parker; Shake-Up of Police Commission Indicated," June 17, 1953.____. "Police Warned on Secret Wire Taps, Officers Subject to Liability for Illegal Entry, Brown Says," September 4, 1954.____. "'Planted' Fur Story Acquits Malouf in Theft," April 7, 1955.____. "Judge Rules He Cannot Stop Police Microphones, Lacks Jurisdiction on Use of Public Funds for Installation, McCoy Says," July 1, 1955.____. "Mickey Cohen Sees Billy Graham, Talks on Religion, Former Mobster Goes to N.Y. for Conference," March 2, 1957.____. "Parker Seeks Grand Jury Action Over Cohen Blast," May 21, 1957.____. "Cohen Attends Graham Rally in New York," May 22, 1957.____. "Cohen Booked for Not Signing Traffic Ticket," May 26, 1957.____. "Mickey Cohen's Traffic Trial Off to Salty Start, Policemen Who Made Arrest Testify that Defendant Delayed Autos at Intersection," July 11, 1957.____. "Mickey Cohen Takes Ma.n.u.script to Author," August 4, 1957.____. "Cohen Found Guilty, Gets $11 Traffic Fine," November 12, 1957.____. "Jury Acquits Mickey Cohen on Disturbing Peace Charge, Ex-Convict Ruling May Affect Case," December 17, 1957.____. "Mickey Cohen Proud of Actress in Murder Quiz, Admits Liz Renay, Questioned in Anastasia Case, Loaned Him $10,000 He's Repaying," February 27, 1958.____. "Chicago Attorney Glad to Stake Mickey Cohen, Admits $22,500 Loan; Says Ex-Gambler Stands to Make Fortune on Life Story," June 9, 1958.____. "Girl Friend of Mickey Cohen Quizzed Again, Won't Tell Treasury Agent About Gifts from Bodyguard of Slain Anastasia," September 10, 1958.____. "Liz Renay Indicted on Perjury Charges: Mickey Cohen's Actress Friend Accused of Lying About Raising $5,500 in Loans," March 13, 1959.____. "Under Table, Didn't See Slayer, Cohen Says," March 29, 1959.____. "Poulson Cuts Police Budget by $6 Million, Commissioner Promptly Warns Mayor That City Faces Criminal Invasion," May 1, 1959.____. "Report Hints Cohen Had Part in Slayings," June 16, 1959.____. "Police Board Member Flays Parker, Quits," June 19, 1959.____. "Parker Plans Security for Khrushchev Visit," September 7, 1959.____. "Mickey Cohen Jailed in Murder of Bookie," December 4, 1959.____. "Slayer of Bookmaker Surrenders to Police," December 9, 1959.____. "Parker Angrily Denies