The Religions of India Part 60

[Footnote 38: Feer, JA. 1888 (xii), p. 209. Leumann has published in the same German series the Aupap[=a]tika S[=u]tra, but as yet only the text (1883) has appeared.]

[Footnote 39: Of the many manuals we recommend especially those of Rhys Davids for ontology (also J[=a]takis. First Part) and Oldenberg (now in second edition). For Northern Buddhism Koppen's Religion is still excellent, although it is vitiated by the point of view taken by the author, who regards Buddha as an emanc.i.p.ator, a political innovator, etc. Davids has two recent articles on Buddhist sects, JRAS.

xxiii. 409; xxiv. 1 (see abo below).]

[Footnote 40: L. von Schroeder, Worte der Wahrheit. On the word Dhammapada, Franke ZDMG. xlvi. 734.]

[Footnote 41: Also Oldenberg, D[=i]pava[.m]sa, with text.]

[Footnote 42: For Nirv[=a]na and its date all the manuals may be consulted. See also D'Alwis, Nirv[=a]na (with translation); Edkins, JRAS. xiii. 59, Congress, 1880, p.

195; Childers, Dictionary, JRAS. v. 219, 289, vii. 49, etc.; Fergusson, _ib._ iv. 81 (Indic Chronology); Muller, Origin of Religion, p. 130, note, and Introduction to Buddhaghosha, and to Dhammapada (above). We incline to accept 471 to 483 as the extreme limits of the date of Buddha's death (Kern, 380; Davids, 412).]

[Footnote 43: On Hsing (671) see Beal, IA. x. 109, 194; Muller, India. 'Fa-Hien's travels are now published by Legge, 'Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms.' There are other editions. See also Sykes, JRAS. 1841, p. 248; Beal, _ib._ xix. 191.]

[Footnote 44: On j.a.panese Buddhism there have been published some texts by j.a.panese scholars (ed. Muller, Aryan Series of Anecdota Oxoniensia). See JRAS. xii. 153.]

[Footnote 45: Chalmers, J[=a]takas (ed. Cowell, vol. 1) is announced. Compare JRAS. xxiv. 423. On Barlaam u. Joasaph see now the exhaustive essay of Kuhn, Abh. d.k. Bayerisch.

Ak. 1894 (with all literature).]

[Footnote 46: By the same, Avad[=a]nacataka, Mus. Guimet, xviii (JA. 1879, xiv). The Da[t.]havamca, Mellone, Ann. du MG. vii.]

[Footnote 47: Triratna and tricula. The articles following are by Murray-Aynsley (Asiatic Symbolism), on svastika, trees, serpents, evil eye, etc. On the evil eye and the poison-girl, vi[s.]akany[=a], see now the interesting essay of Hertz (Abh. d. Bayern. Akad, 1894), who connects the superst.i.tion with the religious practice described above, p.

505, note 2.]

[Footnote 48: For older essays see also Schonberg, ZDMG.

vii. 101 (rock-temples); JAS. Beng. xxv. 222 (Khandgiri temples); Yule, JAS. Beng., 1857, Ancient Buddhistic Remains (on the Irawady): Sykes, Miniature Caityas in Buddhist topes, JRAS. 1854, pp. 37, 227.]

[Footnote 49: civa is here falsely interpreted as Herakles, p. 39. Compare too Weber, IS. ii. 409, and his Ahaly[=a]-Achilleus, Berl. Ak. 1887. The original Greek is edited by Schwanbeck. On Darius' conquest see Marshman, i.

p. 10.]

[Footnote 50: Sixth or eighth century, developed with Buddhistic or Greek influence.]

[Footnote 51: An example of the survival of the Hindu cult in the cr[=a]uta ritual is given by Weber, IS. v. 437, cabal[=i]-homa.]

[Footnote 52: Weber on Skanda, IS. iii. 478.]

[Footnote 53: Compare also Malcolm, AR. xi (1812), 197; ZKM.

v. 1, Die Religion und der Staat der Sikh.]

[Footnote 54: The Dalast[=a]n or School of Manners, translated from the Persian, with notes by Shea and Troy, 1843.]

[Footnote 55: Williams' Hinduism and the third chapter of Wilkins' Modern Hinduism contain a list of the modern festivals. Grierson, Peasant Life, describes Beh[=a]r.]

[Footnote 56: M[=o]ns and Koles, JRAS. x, 234. Lards, Congress, 1874, by Drew; 1880, by Leitner.]

[Footnote 57: Snake-nation in America, Shoshone, Clark, Sign-language, p. 337; snake-symbol of life, Schoolcraft, i.

375.]

[Footnote 58: Totemism repudiated, Kennedy, on N[=a]gas, JRAS. xxiii. 480.]

[Footnote 59: The Indian Antiquary contains a vast fund of folk-lore stones of more or less religious importance. See Barth's note, Rev. xxix. 55, for the Orientalist.]

[Footnote 60: Early accounts of Burmah will be found in Buchanan's Religion and Literature of the Burmas, AR. vi.

163; of the R[=a]jmahal tribes, T. Shaw, _ib._ iv. 45; of the inhabitants of the Garrow Hills, Eliot, _ib._ iii. 17; of the Kookies, MacRae (or McRae), _ib._ vii. 183; of Nepal (temples, etc.), _ib._ ii. 307. An account of the Tibeto-Burman tribes by Damant will be found in JRAS. xii.

228.]

[Footnote 61: Compare a suggestive paper by the same author, IF. iv, p. 36 (1894), on Die Verwandtschaftsverhaltnisse der Indogermanen (linguistic, but historically important).]

[Footnote 62: Volga as 'Pa, Ranha, Ras[=a], Kuhn, KZ. xxviii 214; the Sarasvat[=i] and the lost river, Oldham, JRAS. xxv.

49.]

[Footnote 63: Another curiosity will be found in JRAS., 1854, p. 199, where Curzon claims that the Aryan Hindus are autochthonous.]

[Footnote 64: Leitner, Greek Influence on India, Congress, 1880, p. 113. On the Drama see above, pp. 2 and 438.]

[Footnote 65: Further, Westergaard, Ueber den altesten Zeitraum der Indischen Geschichte; Fergusson, JRAS. xii.

259; Fleet, _samvat_ for caka-era, JRAS., 1884, p. lxxi; Gupta, IA. xv. 189, and xvi. 141; (B[=e]r[=u]n[=i]), _ib._ xvii. 243, 359; also Kielhorn, Vikrama, IA. xix. 24 ff.; xxii. III; Buhler, WZKM. v. 215. Methods and Tables for Computing Hindu Dates, Jacobi, IA. xvii. 145; and Epigraphia ind. I. 430. Last literature on date of Rig Veda, above, p.

5, and add now Oldenberg, ZDMG. xlviii. 629. Further references, above, pp. 436, 571, notes.]