First Book In Physiology And Hygiene Part 19

CHAPTER II. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE BODY.--What are the main parts of the body? Name the different parts of the head; of the trunk; of each arm; of each leg. What covers the body?

CHAPTER III. THE INSIDE OF THE BODY.--What is the name of the framework of the body? What is the skull? How is the back-bone formed?

Name the two cavities of the trunk. What does the chest contain? the abdomen?

CHAPTER IV. OUR FOODS.--Of what are our bodies made? What are foods? Where do we get our foods? Name some animal foods; some vegetable foods. What are poisons?

CHAPTER V. UNHEALTHFUL FOODS.--Is the flesh of diseased animals good for food? What can you say about unripe, stale, or mouldy foods?

What is adulteration of foods? What foods are most likely to be adulterated? Are pepper, mustard, and other condiments proper foods?

What about tobacco? What is the effect of tobacco upon boys?

CHAPTER VI. OUR DRINKS.--What is the only thing that will satisfy thirst? Why do we need water? How does water sometimes become impure? What is the effect of using impure water? What are the properties of good water? Are tea and coffee good drinks? How is alcohol made? Give familiar examples of fermentation. How are pure alcohol and strong liquors made? Is alcohol a food? Why do you think it is a poison?

Do you think moderate drinking is healthful?

CHAPTER VII. HOW WE DIGEST.--What is digestion? What is the digestive tube? Name the different digestive organs. How many sets of teeth has a person in his lifetime? How many teeth in each set? How many pairs of salivary glands? What do they form? What is the gullet?

Describe the stomach. What is the gastric juice? How long is the intestinal ca.n.a.l? What fluid is formed in the intestines? Where is the liver found, and how large is it? What does the liver produce? What is the gall-bladder, and what is its use? What does the liver do besides producing bile? What and where is the pancreas? What does the pancreas do? Where is the spleen? How many important organs of digestion are there? How many digestive fluids?

CHAPTER VIII. DIGESTION OF A MOUTHFUL OF BREAD.--Name the different processes of digestion [mastication, action of saliva, swallowing, action of stomach and gastric juice, action of bile, action of pancreatic juice, action of intestines and intestinal juice, absorption, liver digestion]. Describe the digestion of a mouthful of bread. Where is the food taken after it has been absorbed? What are the lacteals? What is the thoracic duct?

CHAPTER IX. BAD HABITS IN EATING.--What is indigestion? Mention some of the causes of indigestion. How does eating too fast cause indigestion? Eating too much? too frequently? Irregularly? when tired?

How do tea and coffee impair digestion? Why is it harmful to use iced foods and drinks? Why should we not eat pepper and other hot and irritating things? How should the teeth be cared for? How does tobacco-using affect the stomach? What dreadful disease is sometimes caused by tobacco? How does alcohol affect the gastric juice? the stomach? the liver?

CHAPTER X. A DROP OF BLOOD.--What does the blood contain? How many kinds of blood corpuscles are there? What work is done for the body by each kind of corpuscles?

CHAPTER XI. WHY THE HEART BEATS.--Where is the heart? Why does the heart beat? How many chambers has the heart? What are the blood-vessels? How many kinds of blood-vessels are there? Name them.

What is the difference between venous blood and arterial blood? What change occurs in the blood in the lungs? What is the pulse? How much work does the heart do every twenty-four hours? What are the lymphatics?

What do they contain, and what is their purpose? What are lymphatic glands?

CHAPTER XII. HOW TO KEEP THE HEART AND BLOOD HEALTHY.--Name some things likely to injure the heart or the blood. What is the effect of violent exercise? of bad air? of bad food? of loss of sleep? of violent anger? What can you say about clothing? What is the effect of alcohol upon the blood? the heart? the bodily heat? What is the effect of tobacco upon the heart? the pulse? the blood? What is the effect of tea and coffee upon the heart? What is a cold? In a case of bleeding from a wound, how can you tell whether a vein or an artery is cut? How would you stop the bleeding from an artery? from a vein? How would you stop nose-bleed?

CHAPTER XIII. WHY AND HOW WE BREATHE.--What happens to a lighted candle if shut up in a small, close place? to a mouse? Why is air so necessary for a burning candle and for animals? How is the heat of our bodies produced? Name the princ.i.p.al organs of breathing.

Describe each. How do we use the lungs in breathing? How much air will a man's lungs hold? How much air do we use with each breath? What poisonous substance does the air which we breathe out contain? Will a candle burn in air which has been breathed? What happens to animals placed in such air? What change takes place in the blood as it pa.s.ses through the lungs? How do plants purify the air?

CHAPTER XIV. HOW TO KEEP THE LUNGS HEALTHY.--What is the thing most necessary to preserve life? Name some of the ways in which the blood becomes impure. Why is bad-smelling air dangerous to health? What are germs? Why are some diseases "catching"? Name some such diseases.

What should be done with a person who has a "catching" disease? What is the effect of the breath upon the air? How much air is poisoned and made unfit to breathe by each breath? How much air do we spoil every minute?

every hour? How much pure air does each person need every minute? every hour? How do we get fresh air into our houses? Why are windows and doors not good means of ventilating in cold weather? How should a room be ventilated? How should we use the lungs in breathing? What about the clothing in reference to the lungs? Why is it injurious to breathe habitually through the mouth? What is the effect of alcohol upon the lungs? What is the effect of tobacco-using upon the throat and nose?

CHAPTER XV. THE SKIN AND WHAT IT DOES.--How many layers in the skin? What is each called? To what is the color of the skin due? What glands are found in the true skin? What are the nails and what is their purpose? How does the hair grow? Name the different uses of the skin?

CHAPTER XVI. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE SKIN.--What happened to the little boy who was covered with gold leaf? Why did he die? What is the effect of neglecting to keep the skin clean? What is the effect of wearing too much clothing and living in rooms which are too warm? How should the hair be cared for? the nails? What is the effect of alcohol, tobacco, and other narcotics upon the skin?

CHAPTER XVII. THE KIDNEYS AND THEIR WORK.--What is the work of the kidneys? How may we keep these organs healthy? What is the effect of alcohol upon the kidneys?

CHAPTER XVIII. OUR BONES AND THEIR USES.--How many bones in the body? What are the bones called when taken all together? Name the princ.i.p.al parts of the skeleton. Name the bones of the trunk, of the arms, of the legs. What are the uses of the bones? What is a joint? What is cartilage? By what are the bones held together? Of what are the bones largely composed?

CHAPTER XIX. HOW TO KEEP THE BONES HEALTHY.--What sort of bread is best for the bones? Why? If a child tries to walk too early why are its legs likely to become crooked? What are the effects of sitting or lying in bad positions? Of wearing tight or poorly-fitting clothing?

Of tight or high-heeled shoes? What injuries are likely to happen to the bones and joints by accident or rough play?

CHAPTER XX. THE MUSCLES AND HOW WE USE THEM.--How many muscles in the body? Of what are the muscles composed? How are many of the muscles connected to the bones? To what are all bodily movements due?

How do the muscles act? What causes the muscles to act? Do all muscles act only when we will to have them act?

CHAPTER XXI. HOW TO KEEP THE MUSCLES HEALTHY.--What makes the right arm of the blacksmith stronger than the left one? How should exercise be taken? Mention some things in relation to the use of the muscles which we ought not to do, and state the reasons why. What is the effect of alcohol upon the muscles? of tobacco? of tea and coffee?

CHAPTER XXII. HOW WE FEEL AND THINK.--With what part of the body do we think? How many brains does a man have? How is each brain divided? Of what is the brain largely composed? Where do the nerves begin? What is the spinal cord? Why does it cause pain to p.r.i.c.k the finger? How many kinds of nerves are there? (_Ans._ Two; nerves of feeling and nerves of work.) Name some of the different kinds of nerves of feeling? Name some of the different kinds of work controlled by the nerves of work. Of what use to the body are the brain and nerves? How does the brain use the nerves? Of what use is the large brain? What does the little brain do? Of what use is the spinal cord?

CHAPTER XXIII. HOW TO KEEP THE BRAIN AND NERVES HEALTHY.--Mention some things which we need to do to keep the brain and nerves healthy. Mention some things which we ought not to do.

CHAPTER XXIV. BAD EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE BRAIN AND NERVES.--What is the effect of alcohol upon the brain and nerves?

Does alcohol produce real strength? Does it produce real warmth? Does alcohol make people better or worse? What is the effect of tobacco upon the brain and nerves? Does the use of tobacco lead to other evil habits?

What about the effect of opium and other narcotics?

CHAPTER XXV. HOW WE HEAR, SEE, SMELL, TASTE, AND FEEL.--How many senses have we? What is the ear? Name the three parts of the ear.

How do we hear? How should we treat the ear?

Name the princ.i.p.al parts of the eye? What are found in the eyeball? How is the eyeball moved in the socket? How is the eye moistened? Of what use is the lens of the eye? Of what use is the pupil of the eye? How may we preserve the eyesight?

Where are the nerves of smell located? Of what use is the sense of smell?

Where are the nerves of taste found? How is the sense of taste sometimes injured or lost? What do we detect with the sense of taste? Of what use to us is the sense of taste?

With what sense do we feel objects? In what parts of the body is this sense most delicate? Upon what do all the special senses depend? Does anything that injures the brain and nerves also injure the special senses? What is the effect of alcohol and tobacco upon the sense of sight? How is the hearing affected by tobacco-using? The sense of smell?

The sense of taste?

CHAPTER XXVI. ALCOHOL.--How is alcohol produced? In what respect is alcohol like kerosene oil? Is alcohol a dangerous thing even if we do not drink it? How can you prove that there is alcohol in wine, beer, cider, and other fermented drinks? Can you tell by the odor of his breath when a person has been drinking? Why? Does the breath ever take fire? May alcohol be a cause? From what is brandy made? How are whiskey, gin, and rum made? Is alcohol a result of growth, like fruits and grains, or of decay? Is there more than one kind of alcohol? Mention some of the members of the alcohol family. In what ways are the members of this family alike? Name some of the bad relations. Are cider and beer, as well as whiskey, dangerous? Why? Mention some other things, besides drinks, which contain alcohol. Are alcoholic drinks adulterated?

Is pure alcohol safe? Is instant death ever produced by alcohol? Will alcohol kill plants? Describe Mr. Darwin's experiment which proved this.

Can plants be made drunk by alcohol? Describe the experiment which proves this. What has Dr. Roberts proven concerning the influence of alcohol upon digestion? How are our bodies kept warm? Explain how alcohol makes the body cooler? Do Arctic explorers use alcohol? Why not?

Does the use of alcohol prevent sunstroke? What do Stanley and Livingstone say about the use of alcohol in Africa? What is the effect of using alcohol upon meat and eggs? What is the effect of alcohol upon the brain and other tissues of the body? Does alcohol cause insanity and other diseases of the brain and nerves?

FOOTNOTES:

[A] More properly _Carbonic dioxid_.

[B] For the sake of brevity and clearness the author has included under the term "little brain" the _medulla oblongata_ as well as the _cerebellum_.

THE END.