Allende's Chile And The Inter-American Cold War Part 8

Chapter 3.

1. Allende, "Victory Speech," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 50, 48.

2. Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 26 October 1970, Oficios Conf. E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE.

3. Speech, General Canaverro Pereira on the occasion of Argentine General Alcides Lopes Aufranc's visit to Brazil, October 1970, as quoted in Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 26 October 1970, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE.

4. This possibility and the decision not to break relations were later conveyed to Secretary of the Treasury John Connally during conversations with President Medici on 8 June 1972 in Brasilia. For an account of this conversation, see Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Wellington to SecState, 23 June 1972, Executive Secretariat, Briefing Books, 19581976, lot 720373, box 135/RG59/NARA.

5. Allende, "Inaugural Address in the National Stadium," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 54, 60; and Popular Unity Programme, 1969, in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 27678.

6. Allende, "Victory Speech," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 48, 51.

7. Almeyda, "La Politica Exterior del Gobierno de la Unidad Popular," in Almeyda, Obras Escogidas, 97, 131.

8. Letter, Hernan Santa Cruz to Senor Don Salvador Allende, 12 September 1970, vol. 2/FHSC/AMRE.

9. Memorandum Secreto, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores al Senor Embajador de Chile en Was.h.i.+ngton, no. 14, 24 June 1971, 2/16/2/FOL.

10. Allende, "Address to the United Nations General a.s.sembly," 4 December 1972, in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 205.

11. Popular Unity Programme, in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 27071.

12. Debray, "Allende habla con Debray," 40.

13. Oficio, Domingo Santa Maria (Chilean Amba.s.sador), Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton to Senor Ministro, 17 November 1970, Oficios Conf./EEUU/1970/AMRE. On scrutinizing the press, see Jaramillo Edwards interview, 21 September 2005. Certain reports on the U.S. press from Chile's emba.s.sy in Was.h.i.+ngton were pa.s.sed directly to Allende. See Telex, Letelier to MRE, 7 April 1971, Telex: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

14. Kissinger, White House Years, 654. Although the Nixon administration expressed worries about increasing Soviet activity in Cuba in August 1970, the Cienfuegos crisis did not erupt until late September. See Memorandum of Conversation, Kissinger and Minister Counselor Vorontsov, 7 August 1970, and Memorandums of Conversations, Kissinger and Dobrynin, 25 September and 9 October 1970, in Geyer and Selvage, Soviet-American Relations, 18688, 199200, 202, and 2078.

15. Letter, Santa Cruz to Allende, 12 September 1970.

16. Memorandum of Conversation, Galo Plaza and Allende, 2 November 1970, Tomas Moro, enclosure, Memorandum, Rogers to Nixon, 29 December 1970, box 2196/RG59/NARA.

17. Letter, Orlando Letelier to Aniceto Rodriguez, 12 October 1970, 12/2/11/FOL. See also, Almeyda, "Foreign Policy of the Unidad Popular," 84.

18. Letter, Letelier to Rodriguez, 12 October 1970.

19. Almeyda, "Exposicion del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores, Senor Clodomiro Almeyda, ante la Comision de Relaciones Exteriores del Senado," 22 December 1970, enclosure, Circular, MRE, 25 January 1971, Discursos: S. Allende Gossens/1971/AMRE.

20. Huidobro interview, 18 October 2004, and Urrutia interview, 27 October 2004.

21. Urrutia interview, 27 October 2004. Urrutia recalled that he was one of those who suggested Letelier to Allende as an alternative. On speculation that Herrera might be offered the post, see "Allende May Offer Chilean Post to Inter-American Bank Head," New York Times, 8 October 1970.

22. Fermandois, Mundo y Fin de Mundo, 36162.

23. Ibid., 360; Huidobro interviews, 18 and 28 October 2004; and Humberto Diaz Casanueva, "Politica Multilateral del Presidente Salvador Allende," 168.

24. Huidobro interview, 28 October 2004. Although Castro advised Allende to keep Valdes on, Huidobro insisted this was Allende's decision. E-mail correspondence with the author, 16 February 2005. On Castro's advice, see Memorandum of Conversation, Plaza and Allende, 2 November 1970, and Record of Conversation, Amba.s.sador Alexseev and Volodia Teitelboim, 14 October 1970, published as "Conversacion del Embajador Alexseev con Volodia Teitelboim," in Ulianova and Fediakova, "Chile en los Archivos de la URSS (19591973)."

25. Huidobro interview, 28 October 2004. Huidobro, a career diplomat and Allende's close confidant, also stayed at the ministry with Almeyda for two months until he went to Buenos Aires as Chile's amba.s.sador.

26. Almeyda, "Foreign Policy of the Unidad Popular," 8081, 84. See also Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ.

27. Memorandum Secreto, Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores al Senor Embajador de Chile en Was.h.i.+ngton et al., no. 14, 24 June 1971, 2/16/2/FOL.

28. Ulianova, "La Unidad Popular y el Golpe Militar," 89.

29. Almeyda, "Foreign Policy of the Unidad Popular," 83.

30. Oficio, Jorge Edwards to Senor Ministro, 10 December 1970, Cuba/1970/AMRE.

31. For a detailed examination of the UP's policies toward East and West Germany, see Fermandois, "Del Malestar al Entusiasmo."

32. Almeyda as quoted in Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971.

33. Memorandum of Conversation, Plaza and Allende, 2 November 1970.

34. Ibid; Almeyda as quoted in Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971.

35. Memorandum of Conversation, Plaza and Allende, 2 November 1970; Almeyda as quoted in Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971.

36. Allende, Speech in Punta Arenas, 27 February 1971, published as "Estados Unidos de Norteamerica," OE-SA, 565. See also Almeyda, Speech to OAS, San Jose, Costa Rica, 15 April 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 43233.

37. Paper, "Enfoque y Conceptos sobre la coperacion cientifico-tecnica internacional," enclosure, Memorandum, Embachile Havana, no date, "Negociaciones para el establecimiento de cooperacion cientifico-tecnica chileno-cubana," CMSA.

38. Memorandum, Santa Cruz, "Posibilidades de la Realizacion en Chile de la Tercera UNCTAD," 17 February 1971, vol. 2/FHSC/AMRE.

39. Oficio, Santa Maria to Senor Ministro, 27 November 1970, Oficios Conf./EEUU/1970/AMRE; and Officio, Manuel Sanchez (charge d'affaires), Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton, to Senor Ministro, 22 January 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

40. Davis, Last Two Years, 2728; Covert Action in Chile, 35; and Telex, MRE to Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton, 2 March 1971, Telex E: 1367/EEUU/1971/AMRE. On indications of U.S. hostility, see also Diaz Casanueva, "Politica Multilateral del Presidente Salvador Allende," 170. Although the Easter Island incident was probably unrelated to Nixon's policy to undermine Allende, the White House was directly responsible for canceling the Enterprise visit. Kissinger noted that he did not want Allende to be able to "use it to say they have great relations with us." See Telcons, Kissinger and Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, 24 February 1971, Kissinger and Rogers, 25 February 1971, and Kissinger and Melvyn Laird, 25 February 1971, box 9/HAK Telcons/NSC/NPMP. On Chilean complaints to Was.h.i.+ngton regarding both incidents as evidence of hostility, see Telex, MRE to Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton, 14 October 1972, Telex E./EEUU/1972/AMRE.

41. Nixon as quoted in Oficio, Sanchez to Senor Ministro, 8 January 1971 Oficios Conf., R/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

42. Telex, Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton to MRE, 26 February 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

43. Allende, "Estados Unidos de Norteamerica," OE-SA, 567.

44. Memorandum Secreto, MRE al Senor Embajador, no. 14, 24 June 1971. The working group consisted of Allende, the president of the state's Council of Defense, Letelier, and functionaries from the Foreign Ministry, the National Copper Corporation of Chile (Corporacion Nacional del Cobre de Chile or CODELCO), and the Production Development Corporation (Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion de Chile or CORFO). On working group meetings, see also Huidobro interview, 28 October 2004. Huidobro recalls that he attended one early meeting of the working group at which six or seven people were present, including Letelier, Almeyda, and Allende's minister in charge of mines, Orlando Cantuarias.

45. Allende, "Inaugural Address," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 58.

46. Telegrams, Rogers to Amemba.s.sy Santiago and Korry to SecState, 1 February 1971, box 18/RG84/NARA. See also Record of Conversation, Almeyda and Korry, 1 February 1971, Memorandum, 2 February 1971, Memorandos/Direccion Economica, 19671974/AMRE.

47. Telegram, Korry to SecState, 4 February 1971, box 18/RG84/NARA.

48. Record of Conversations, Korry and Jose Toha (Chilean Minister of the Interior), 8 February 1971, Telegram, Korry to SecState, 9 February 1971, box 18/RG84/NARA.

49. Telegram, Korry to SecState, 9 February 1971.

50. Telex, Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton to MRE, 26 February 1971.

51. Annex III: Memorandum Armando Uribe, enclosure, Oficio, MRE to Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton, 14 April 1971, Oficios Conf., E./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

52. Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 23 April 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

53. Memorandum, William R. Joyce to Mr. Navarro, 30 March 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

54. Telex, Letelier to MRE, 6 July 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

55. Oficio, Sanchez to Senor Ministro, 3 February 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

56. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Crimmins, 17 March 1971, Telex, Letelier to MRE, 17 March 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

57. "The President's Reply to the Remarks of the Newly Appointed Amba.s.sador of Chile Orlando Letelier del Solar upon the Occasion of the Presentation of His Letter of Credence," 2 March 1971, 2/16/10/FOL.

58. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Kissinger, 23 March 1971, Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 23 March 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

59. Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, "La prensa norteamericana y Chile. Elecciones munic.i.p.ales," 9 April 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

60. On lobbying and Nixon's views, see Subversion in Chile, 22103, 96, 46, 53.

61. "HAK Talking Points-Chile SRG Meeting," 17 February 1971, box H052/NSCIF/NPMP.

62. Ibid., and Memorandum, Nachmanoff to Kissinger, 16 February 1971, box H052/NSCIF/NPMP.

63. Memorandum, Kissinger to the Under Secretary of State et al., 25 February 1971, box H052/NSCIF/NPMP.

64. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Kissinger, 23 March 1971, Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 23 March 1971.

65. Memorandum, Crimmins (Acting Chairman, Ad Hoc Working Group on Chile) to Irwin, 19 December 1970, box 2201/RG59/NARA.

66. See Memorandums, Kissinger to the Under Secretary of State et al., 27 November 1970 and 30 December 1970, box H050/NSCIF/NPMP; Paper "Status Report on Discussions with Export-Import Bank on Discontinuation of New Credits and Guarantees," enclosure, Memorandum, Crimmins to Kissinger, 4 December 1970; and Paper, "Feasible Reductions, Delays or Terminations of AID Commitments to Chile," enclosure, Memorandum, Crimmins to Kissinger, 19 December 1970, box H172/NSCIF/NPMP. Kissinger also personally discouraged Ford's chairman from visiting Chile. See Telcons, Kissinger and Edward Molina (Ford Motors), 19 December 1970; Kissinger and Irwin, 15 December 1970; and Kissinger and Molina, 10 December 1971, box 8/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

67. Kornbluh, Pinochet File, 84. See also Covert Action in Chile, 34.

68. Covert Action in Chile, 57.

69. Memorandum for the 40 Committee, 28 January 1971, enclosure, Memorandum, Nachmanoff to Kissinger, 28 January 1971; Memorandum, Richard Helms for the 40 Committee, 15 March 1971, enclosure, Memorandum, Chaplin to Kissinger, 17 March 1971; and Memorandum, CIA for the 40 Committee, 21 April 1971, CDP-NSC. See also, Covert Action in Chile, 59.

70. Memorandum, CIA for the 40 Committee, 21 April 1971, enclosure, Memorandum, Nachmanoff to Kissinger, 11 May 1971, CDP-NSC.

71. "Covert Action Program for Chile," 17 November 1970, CDP-NSC.

72. Covert Action in Chile, 38, and U.S. Congressional Findings (1971) as quoted in Schoultz, Beneath the United States, 359.

73. Paper, Department of Defense, "Paper on M-41 Tanks," enclosure, Memorandum, Crimmins to Kissinger, 16 February 1971, box H220/NSCIF/NPMP.

74. Telcon, Kissinger and Rogers, 25 February 1971, box 9/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

75. Memorandum Secreto, MRE al Senor Abajador, no. 14, 24 June 1971.

76. Ibid.

77. Crimmins interview.

78. Memorandum Secreto, MRE al Senor Abajador, no. 14, 24 June 1971.

79. Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 13 November 1970, as quoted in Telegram, Brazilian Emba.s.sy, Was.h.i.+ngton, to Secretaria de Estado das Relaces Exteriores, 13/14 November 1970, Rolo 423, Telegramas recebidos da Embaixada em Was.h.i.+ngton/AMRE-Brasilia.

80. Intelligence Note, INR, "Latin America: Chile's Renewed Relations with Cuba-A Potential Problem for the OAS," 30 November 1970, box 2199/RG59/NARA.

81. Circular Telegram, DOS to All American Republic Diplomatic Posts, 15 November 1970, box H220/NSCIF/NPMP, and Memorandum, Nachmanoff and R. T. Kennedy to Kissinger, 5 December 1970, box H050/NSCIF/NPMP. On Kissinger's views that the United States' Cuba policy should not change, see Memorandum, Johnson to Rogers and Irwin, 8 December 1970, box 2201/RG59/NARA. On Nixon's refusal to contemplate altering Was.h.i.+ngton's Cuba policy, see Memorandum of Conversation, the President et al., the Cabinet Room, 9:40 a.m., 6 November 1970, in Kornbluh, Pinochet File, 11620.

82. "More Latin Lands Seem Willing to End Ban on Cuba," New York Times, 14 August 1971, as quoted in Telegram, Brazilian Emba.s.sy, Was.h.i.+ngton, to Secretario de Estado das Relaces Exteriores, 14 August 1971, Rolo 423/Telegramas recebidos da Embaixada em Was.h.i.+ngton/AMRE-Brasilia. On U.S.-Brazilian cooperation on this issue, see Record of Conversation, William Rountree (U.S. Amba.s.sador in Brasilia), and Gibson Barbosa, 22 December 1970, Telegram, Rountree to SecState, 23 December 1970, box 2199/RG59/NARA. See also Mesa-Lago, Cuba in the 1970s, 123.

83. Telegram, DOS to All American Republic Diplomatic Posts, 22 January 1971, box 2199/RG59/NARA.

84. Telegram, DOS to All American Republic Diplomatic Posts, 15 November 1970, and Memorandum, Kissinger to the Under Secretary of State et al., 10 December 1970, box H050/NSCIF/NPMP.

85. Memorandum, DOS to SRG, "Status Report on Implementation of NSDM 93 and SRG Directives," 9 April 1971, box 2201/RG59/NARA; and Draft Telegram, DOS to All ARA Chiefs of Mission in Paper "Status Report of U.S Actions to Discourage Further Resumptions of Relations with Cuba," enclosure, Memorandum, Crimmins to Kissinger, 4 December 1970, box H172/NSCIF/NPMP. The exact content of the information pa.s.sed on by the CIA is still unknown. However, various stories about Cuban agents in Chile appeared in the U.S. press alone. See "Cuban Agents in Chile Hide Debray," Was.h.i.+ngton Star, 10 January 1971, Oficio, Sanchez to Senor Ministro, 22 January 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE; and Telex, Sanchez to MRE, 11 January 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

86. Vaky and Crimmins interviews.

87. Oficio, Antonio Castro da Camara Canto (Brazilian Amba.s.sador in Chile) to Secretario de Estado das Relaces Exteriores, 23 February 1971, Oficios/Embaixada do Brasil, Santiago 1971 (01)/AMRE-Brasilia.

88. Nixon as quoted in Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 1 March 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE; Telex, Magnet (Chilean Representative, OAS) to MRE, 21 December 1970, Aerogram y Telex/OEA/1970/AMRE; and Record of Conversation, Valdes and Antonio Sanchez de Lozoda (Bolivian Amba.s.sador, Was.h.i.+ngton), 8 February 1971, Oficio, Valdes to Senor Ministro, 9 February 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

89. Telex, Valdes to MRE, 26 February 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

90. See Oficio, MRE to Letelier, 24 March 1971, Oficios Conf., E./EEUU/1971/AMRE; and Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 9 April 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

91. Telex, Valdes to MRE, 26 February 1971.

92. Oficios, Luis Jerez Ramirez (Chilean Amba.s.sador), Embachile Lima to Senor Ministro, 25 March and 13 April 1971, Oficios Conf., E./EEUU/1971/AMRE; and Oficios, Jerez Ramirez to Senor Ministro, 2 February and 6 April 1971, Oficios Res., E./R./Peru/1971/AMRE. On U.S-Peruvian relations, see Airgram, Belcher (U.S. Amba.s.sador), Amemba.s.sy Lima to DOS, box 2196/RG59/NARA. Belcher acknowledged that U.S.-Peruvian relations had improved but stated this was for "reasons other than Peruvian reaction to the Allende election."

93. Telex, Pedro Vuskovic Bravo (Acting Minister) and Daniel Vergara Bustos (Under Secretary of the Interior) to Letelier, 13 March 1971, Telex E: 1367/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

94. Oficio, MRE to Letelier, 24 March 1971, and Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 9 April 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

95. Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 13 November 1970, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE; and "Paises Latinoamericanos no han contestado consulta de EE.UU para bloqear a Chile; Departamento de Estado inicio contactos en noviembre. Norteamerica y Brasil observan Gobierno de Allende," El Diario and La Prensa, 13 March 1971, enclosures, Telex, Vuskovic and Vergara to Letelier, 13 March 1971.