Berlin 1961 Part 36

Clay had never been more convinced: Department of State, Central Files, 762.0221/10-2661: Telegram 835 (Clay to Rusk), October 26, 1961, 1 p.m., mentioned in FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 193.

He outlined how: Department of State, Central Files, 762.0221/10-2561: Telegram 824 (Clay to Department of State), October 25, 1961, 12:34 p.m.; Secretary Ball discussing General Clayas plan: ibid., Doc. 178: Memo from Acting Secretary of State Ball to President Kennedy, Action for Dealing with the Possible Closing of the Friedrichstra.s.se Entry Point into East Berlin, Was.h.i.+ngton, October 14, 1961; ibid., Doc. 180, Telegram from the Department of State to the Mission at Berlin, Was.h.i.+ngton, October 18, 1961; National Security Archive, Berlin, Norstad, dated 10/26/1961: Norstad to Clarke (CINCUSAREUR), 36.

aTake our tanksa: Oleg V. Volobuev and Alexei Serov, eds., Nikita Khrushchev: Life and Destiny. Moscow: Novosti Press, 1989, 27; Wyden, Wall, 264.

That said, the Soviets were nervous: Menning, aThe Berlin Crisis of 1961 from the Perspective of the Soviet General Staff,a 141.

Clayas view: Wyden, Wall, 263.

By late October, Bobby: James W. Symington, The Stately Game. New York: Macmillan, 1971, 144; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 499a"500.

The presidentas brother made arrangements: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH, Interview by John Bartlow Martin, March 1, 1964.

Bobby Kennedy recalled: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 403a"404.

The attorney general: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH, Interview by John Bartlow Martin, March 1, 1964; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 500.

On Friday night, October 27: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 197.

After an evening of tension: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 507.

Shortly after 10:30 a.m. on Sat.u.r.day: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, London, October 15a"16, 2008; NPR interview: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102618942.

EPILOGUE: AFTERSHOCKS.

aI recognize fullya: Harold Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 1961a"1963. New York: Harper & Row, 1973, 182a"183.

aThere are many peoplea: JFKL, Kennedy Speech to Berliners, Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, June 26, 1963: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03BerlinWall06261963.htm.

The first scene unfolded: http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/593928/page/5; Berliner Morgenpost, 08/13/2006; Hilton, The Wall, 164a"168.

At the same timeaSoviet s.h.i.+ps: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 412a"415; Taubman, Khrushchev, 549a"551; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 451; Raymond L. Garthoff, Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: The Brookings Inst.i.tution, 1987, 18a"22, 208 (table showing type and numbers of missiles).

Fechteras murder snapped something: aCityas Mood: Anger and Frustration,a New York Times, 08/26/1962.

Meanwhile, over Cuba: Anatoli I. Gribkov and William Y. Smith, aOperation Anadyra: U.S. and Soviet Generals Recount the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chicago: Edition Q, 1994, 5a"7, 24, 26a"57; Taubman, Khrushchev, 550; Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 188a"189, 191a"193.

On August 22, the CIA: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961a"September 1962, Doc. 383, Memo from the Presidentas Special a.s.sistant (Schlesinger) to the Presidentas Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy), Was.h.i.+ngton, August 22, 1962, CIA, Office of Current Intelligence (OCI), No. 3047/62, Current Intelligence Memo, August 22, 1962: aRecent Soviet Military Aid to Cuba.a Though history would celebrate Kennedy: Arnold L. h.o.r.elick, aThe Cuban Missile Crisis: An a.n.a.lysis of Soviet Calculations and Behavior,a World Politics, 16 (April 1964), 363a"389; Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971, 40a"56, 102a"117.

With that, the Arkansas senator: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 90; JFKL, Bundya"JFK, August 4, 1961; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 264; Larson, Deborah Welch. Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.a"Soviet Relations During the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000, 134.

Without any countervailing presidential statement: Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust, 134.

aWhen the border is closeda: RGANI, Khrushcheva"Ulbricht, August 1, 1961, Doc.u.ment No. 521557, 113a"146. Doc.u.ment and citation graciously provided by Dr. Matthias Uhl.

Critics called Khrushchevas scheme: Arkady N. Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985, 117a"118.

Regarding Cuba: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 536.

Despite all his first-year setbacks: John C. Ausland, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Berlin-Cuba Crisis, 1961a"1964. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1996, 43a"45; FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 34, Memcon, Bonn, April 13, 1962; also in Department of State, Central Files, 740.5/4-1362, Top Secret, Limit Distribution; Freedman, Kennedyas Wars, 112a"113.

Adenauer no longer could conceal: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer. Vol. 2: The Statesman, 608; Archiv fr Christlich-Demokratische Politik, Krone Diary, April 14, 1962.

He then shot off a brusque note: JFKL, NSF, Germany and Europe, Box 78; Rudolf Morsey and Hans-Peter Schwarz, eds., Adenauer: Briefe, 1961a"1963 (Rhndorfer Ausgabe), ed. Hans Peter Mensing, Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus, Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schoeningh, 2006, 111.

Even as he put in place: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 73, Message from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, undated, but handwritten note: aReceived at White House July 5, 1962a; also see Doc. 76: Memcon Ruska"Dobrynin, July 12, 1962; Department of State, Presidential Correspondence: Lot 77 D 163.

On September 4, Kennedy: Department of State Bulletin, vol. 47 (September 24, 1962), aU.S. Reaffirms Policy on Prevention of Aggressive Actions by Cuba: Statement by President Kennedy,a 450; also National Security Archives, Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedyas Statement on Soviet Military s.h.i.+pments to Cuba, September 4, 1962.

Two days later, on September 6: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 112, Memcon between Secretary of the Interior Udall and Chairman Khrushchev, Pitsunda, Soviet Union, September 6, 1962.

On October 16, 1962: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 133, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, October 16, 1962.

Khrushchev told his new amba.s.sador: aThe Cold War in the Third World and the Collapse of Detente in the 1970s,a aThe Mikoyana"Castro Talks, 4a"5 November 1962: The Cuban Version,a CWIHP-B, No. 8a"9 (1996/1997), 320, 339a"343: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF199.pdf.

aMy thinking went like thisa: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 493a"494.

Of all Khrushchevas moves linking: John R. Mapother, aBerlin and the Cuban Crisis,a Foreign Intelligence Literary Scene, 12, no. 1 (January 1993), 1a"3; Ray S. Cline, aCommentary: The Cuban Missile Crisis,a Foreign Affairs, 68, no. 4 (Fall 1989), 190a"196.

Said Khrushchev, aThe Americans knewa: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 500.

aLet me just say a littlea: Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997, 175.

aI recognize fullya: Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 182a"183.

Kennedy repeated his Berlin concern: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Doc. 39, Telegram from the Department of State to the Emba.s.sy in the United Kingdom, Was.h.i.+ngton, October 22, 1962, 12:17 a.m.; Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 186.

In 1962, Kennedy also rejected: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 309.

National Security Advisor Bundy wondered: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 144, 183.

At one point, General Curtis E. LeMay: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 177.

In his October 22 speech: JFKL, Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba, The White House, October 22, 1962: http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm; May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 280.

In his meeting with U.S. amba.s.sador to London: Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 187.

aThatas really the choicea: Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 182, 199; May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 385.

When Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 560.

Khrushchev also rejected: Telegram from Soviet Amba.s.sador to the USA Dobrynin to the USSR MFA, October 23, 1962, reproduced in aThe Cuban Missile Crisis,a CWIHP-B, No. 5 (Spring 1995), 70a"71; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, 582.

On October 27, the presidentas brother: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 192, 274, n. 18.

De Gaulle famously told: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH, no. 1, April 27, 1964, 26.

Adenauer said he would throw his lot: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, 629a"630; Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 199.

Tellingly, Kennedy rejected the dovish: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 256, 283a"286, 388a"389.

General Clay suggested to diplomat: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 203, citing Smyseras conversation with General Clay, Links Club, New York City, November 1962.

Perhaps another million Berliners: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 537; New York Times, 06/26/1963, 06/27/1963.

some in the Kennedy: OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 360; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 624; Robert G. Torricelli and Andrew Carroll, eds., In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century. New York: Kodansha America, 1999, 232.

aThere are many peoplea: JFKL, Kennedy Speech to Berliners, Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, June 26, 1963: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03BerlinWall06261963.htm.

Years later, amateur linguists: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 217, 221, from conversation with Heinz Weber, July 10, 2006; and Andreas W. Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: German Historical Inst.i.tute and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 133a"135.

As Kennedy told Ted Sorensen: Sorensen, Kennedy, 601.

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