For The Thrill Of It Part 25

55. Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Linked to 'Solid Six' in Graft Trial," Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Linked to 'Solid Six' in Graft Trial," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 June 1923.

56. Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Didn't Boss Schools, Says 'Big Bill,'" Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Didn't Boss Schools, Says 'Big Bill,'" Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 7 July 1923; "'Only Thompson's Office Boy'-Lundin," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 10 July 1923.

57. Philip Kinsley, "It's Friday, the 13th, and Lundin Case Goes to Jury," Philip Kinsley, "It's Friday, the 13th, and Lundin Case Goes to Jury," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 July 1923; "Darrow Closes Lundin Plea in 3-Hour Speech," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 13 July 1923.

58. "Jury Frees Lundin and 15 Others," "Jury Frees Lundin and 15 Others," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 14 July 1923.

59. Editorial, "The Lundin Verdict," Editorial, "The Lundin Verdict," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 16 July 1923.

CHAPTER 10: THE INDICTMENT.

1. Richard Loeb to Anna Loeb and Albert Loeb, 28 July 1924, Folder 3, Irving Stone Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. Richard Loeb to Anna Loeb and Albert Loeb, 28 July 1924, Folder 3, Irving Stone Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.

2. Nathan F. Leopold, Nathan F. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 5455. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 5455.

3. Ibid., 5455. Ibid., 5455.

4. "Identifies Loeb in Moron Gland Attack on Midway," "Identifies Loeb in Moron Gland Attack on Midway," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924; "'Gland' Holdup a Puzzle; Police Quiz Students," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 November 1923.

5. "Slain in Auto Near Midway," "Slain in Auto Near Midway," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 November 1923; "Phone Tip Revives Tracy Murder Case," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 21 June 1924; "Two More Chicago Murders Linked with Student Killers; Grand Jury Inquiry Begins," The World The World (New York), 4 June 1924. (New York), 4 June 1924.

6. "Loeb, Leopold Sued by Woman," "Loeb, Leopold Sued by Woman," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 5 June 1924; "Woman Recites Attack by Franks Killers," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 17 July 1924; "Woman Sues Boy's Slayers," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 6 June 1924.

i1 7. "Franks' Killers Gland Robbers?" "Franks' Killers Gland Robbers?" Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924; "Two More Chicago Murders," The World The World (New York), 4 June 1924. (New York), 4 June 1924.

8. "Files Suit against Loeb and Leopold," "Files Suit against Loeb and Leopold," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 6 June 1924.

9. James Doherty, "Quick Trial for Boy Slayers," James Doherty, "Quick Trial for Boy Slayers," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 June 1924; "Identifies Loeb," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924; "Writ Puts 2 Slayers in Sheriff's Hands," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 June 1924.

10. "Franks Story to Jury," "Franks Story to Jury," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 3 June 1924; "Grand Jurors Who Will Hear Story of Robt. Franks Murder," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 June 1924.

11. "Crowe Acts to Avert Franks Case 'Fixing,'" "Crowe Acts to Avert Franks Case 'Fixing,'" Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 4 June 1924.

12. "Franks Story," "Franks Story," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 3 June 1924.

13. "Boy Slayers Play Baseball in Jail; Victim's Father Weeps before Jury," "Boy Slayers Play Baseball in Jail; Victim's Father Weeps before Jury," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 June 1924.

14. "Killers Stalked Human Prey," "Killers Stalked Human Prey," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 4 June 1924.

15. "Pa.s.sage for Leopold Booked on Liner," "Pa.s.sage for Leopold Booked on Liner," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 6 June 1924; "Ask Franks Trial in Month," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 6 June 1924; "Slayers in Court June 11," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 6 June 1924.

16. "Ask Franks Trial"; "Slayers in Court." "Ask Franks Trial"; "Slayers in Court."

17. "Ask Franks Trial." "Ask Franks Trial."

18. "Ask Franks Trial"; "Killers Stalked." "Ask Franks Trial"; "Killers Stalked."

19. "Leopold and Loeb Indicted as Kidnappers and Slayers; Sane, Says State's Alienist," "Leopold and Loeb Indicted as Kidnappers and Slayers; Sane, Says State's Alienist," The World The World (New York), 6 June 1924. (New York), 6 June 1924.

20. "Saw Loeb at Wheel before Kidnapping," "Saw Loeb at Wheel before Kidnapping," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 9 June 1924; "Leopold and Loeb Will Plead Not Guilty to Killing," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 9 June 1924.

21. "City Demands Franks Boy Slayers Be Brought to Trial Immediately," "City Demands Franks Boy Slayers Be Brought to Trial Immediately," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 June 1924.

22. Ibid. Ibid.

23. Editorial, "Justice Demands a Speedy Trial," Editorial, "Justice Demands a Speedy Trial," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 June 1924.

24. C. L. Stevens, Letter, "For a Vigilantes' Committee," C. L. Stevens, Letter, "For a Vigilantes' Committee," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 7 June 1924.

25. "Slayers' Parents' First Statement Bases All Hope on Insanity Plea," "Slayers' Parents' First Statement Bases All Hope on Insanity Plea," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 7 June 1924; "Won't Try to Buy Slayers' Freedom, Fathers Declare," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 7 June 1924.

26. Editorial, "The Franks Case," Editorial, "The Franks Case," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 June 1924.

i1 27. "Boy Killers Plead; Trial Set for Aug. 4," "Boy Killers Plead; Trial Set for Aug. 4," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 11 June 1924.

28. "Arraign Two Boy Killers Wednesday," "Arraign Two Boy Killers Wednesday," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 10 June 1924.

29. "Caverly's Record Favors Life Terms," "Caverly's Record Favors Life Terms," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 30 August 1924.

30. "Benjamin Charles Bachrach," in Paul Gilbert and Charles Lee Bryson, "Benjamin Charles Bachrach," in Paul Gilbert and Charles Lee Bryson, Chicago and Its Makers Chicago and Its Makers (Chicago: F. Mendelsohn, 1929), 776; "Benjamin Bachrach, Criminal Lawyer, 76," (Chicago: F. Mendelsohn, 1929), 776; "Benjamin Bachrach, Criminal Lawyer, 76," New York Times New York Times, 1 January 1951.

31. Geoffrey C. Ward, Geoffrey C. Ward, Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson (New York: Knopf, 2004), 296349. (New York: Knopf, 2004), 296349.

32. "Try Loeb Leopold on August 4," "Try Loeb Leopold on August 4," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 11 June 1924; "Boy Killers Plead"; "Franks Trial Aug. 4; Insanity Is Plea," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 12 June 1924; "Leopold, Loeb Trial Set for Monday, Aug. 4," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 June 1924; "Loeb, Leopold Plead Not Guilty; Trial August 4," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 11 June 1924.

CHAPTER 11: THE SCIENTISTS ARRIVE.

1. Clarence Darrow, "Not a Milk and Water Theory," Clarence Darrow, "Not a Milk and Water Theory," Everyman Everyman 11 (December 1915): 13. 11 (December 1915): 13.

2. "Expert Seeks Murder Gland," "Expert Seeks Murder Gland," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 13 June 1924; "Work in Death Cell to Save Boy Slayers," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 13 June 1924.

3. Trial Transcript, fols. 19581960. Trial Transcript, fols. 19581960.

4. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 2; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 2. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 2; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 2.

5. Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the s.e.x Hormones in 1920s America" (PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1997), xvii; John Chynoweth Burnham, "The New Psychology: From Narcissism to Social Control," in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody, Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the s.e.x Hormones in 1920s America" (PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1997), xvii; John Chynoweth Burnham, "The New Psychology: From Narcissism to Social Control," in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody, Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The 1920s Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The 1920s (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1968), 351398. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1968), 351398.

6. Benjamin Harrow, Benjamin Harrow, Glands in Health and Disease Glands in Health and Disease (New York: Dutton, 1922), 1419, 2325; Andre Tridon, (New York: Dutton, 1922), 1419, 2325; Andre Tridon, Psychoa.n.a.lysis and Gland Personalities Psychoa.n.a.lysis and Gland Personalities (New York: Brentano's, 1923), 48, 5160. (New York: Brentano's, 1923), 48, 5160.

7. R. G. Hoskins, "The Functions of the Endocrine Glands," R. G. Hoskins, "The Functions of the Endocrine Glands," Scientific Monthly Scientific Monthly 18 (March 1924): 257272. 18 (March 1924): 257272.

8. Herman H. Rubin, Herman H. Rubin, The Glands of Life The Glands of Life (New York: Bellaire, 1935), 2630, 3233; Tridon, (New York: Bellaire, 1935), 2630, 3233; Tridon, Psychoa.n.a.lysis Psychoa.n.a.lysis, 1821; Harrow, Glands Glands, 9397, 135138, 140144.

9. J. M. Murdock, "Endocrine Disturbances in Mental Defectives," J. M. Murdock, "Endocrine Disturbances in Mental Defectives," Pennsylvania Medical Journal Pennsylvania Medical Journal 25 (1921): 50; Nolan D. C. Lewis and Gertrude R. Davies, "A Correlative Study of Endocrine Imbalance and Mental Disease," 25 (1921): 50; Nolan D. C. Lewis and Gertrude R. Davies, "A Correlative Study of Endocrine Imbalance and Mental Disease," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 54 (1921): 385405, 493512; 55 (1922): 1332. 54 (1921): 385405, 493512; 55 (1922): 1332.

10. Karl M. Bowman, "Blood Chemistry in Mental Diseases," Karl M. Bowman, "Blood Chemistry in Mental Diseases," American Journal of Psychiatry American Journal of Psychiatry, 2nd ser., 2 (19221923): 379408.

11. Karl M. Bowman, Joseph P. Eidson, and Stanley P. Burladge, "Bio-chemical Studies in Ten Cases of Dementia Praec.o.x," Karl M. Bowman, Joseph P. Eidson, and Stanley P. Burladge, "Bio-chemical Studies in Ten Cases of Dementia Praec.o.x," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 187 (1922): 358362, quotation on 362. 187 (1922): 358362, quotation on 362.

12. Karl M. Bowman and G. P. Grabfield, "Basal Metabolism in Mental Disease," Karl M. Bowman and G. P. Grabfield, "Basal Metabolism in Mental Disease," Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 9 (1923): 358361, quotation on 360. 9 (1923): 358361, quotation on 360.

13. "Weird Apparatus in Slayers' Aid," "Weird Apparatus in Slayers' Aid," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 15 June 1924; "More Doctors Test Leopold and Loeb," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 14 June 1924; "Test Slayers with Oxygen," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 14 June 1924.

14. "Work in Death Cell," "Work in Death Cell," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 13 June 1924; "Expert Seeks"; "Leopold-Loeb Defense Now Is Seen as Insanity," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 13 June 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 1989, 2093.

15. Trial Transcript, fol. 1989; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 52. Trial Transcript, fol. 1989; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 52.

16. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 75; "Leopold, Jr., under Test of Mental Experts," Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 75; "Leopold, Jr., under Test of Mental Experts," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 16 June 1924.

17. "Needle Charts Leopold's Mind," "Needle Charts Leopold's Mind," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 17 June 1924; "Experts Use 'Flattery Machine' to Test Leopold's Vanity," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 17 June 1924; "Defense Alienists Find Leopold and Loeb Abnormal," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 16 June 1924.

18. "X-Ray Now to Seek Flaws in Boy Slayers," "X-Ray Now to Seek Flaws in Boy Slayers," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 June 1924; "Needle Charts," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 17 June 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 20962097.

19. Tal Golan, Tal Golan, Laws of Men and Laws of Nature: The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America Laws of Men and Laws of Nature: The History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 183197. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 183197.

20. Trial Transcript, fol. 1994; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 59; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 82. Trial Transcript, fol. 1994; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 59; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 82.

21. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fols. 6062. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fols. 6062.

k1 22. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 8385; Trial Transcript, fols. 20612062. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 8385; Trial Transcript, fols. 20612062.

23. "Leopold-Loeb Tests Fail, Hint," "Leopold-Loeb Tests Fail, Hint," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 18 June 1924; Fred D. Pasley, "Are Glands or Boys to Blame in Franks Case?" Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 18 June 1924.

24. "Leopold Angry over His Tests," "Leopold Angry over His Tests," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 18 June 1924; "Leopold Spurns Insanity Defense," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 18 June 1924.

25. "Concludes Test of Franks Killers," "Concludes Test of Franks Killers," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 17 June 1924.

26. "Leopold's Jail-Break Plot Foiled by Warden," "Leopold's Jail-Break Plot Foiled by Warden," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 28 June 1924.

27. "Another Expert Here to Test Slayers," "Another Expert Here to Test Slayers," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 2 July 1924; Leola Allard, "U.S. Expert to Test Slayers," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 July 1924.

28. Lawrence C. Moore, "William A. White-A Biography (18701937)," in Arcangelo R. T. D'Amore, ed., Lawrence C. Moore, "William A. White-A Biography (18701937)," in Arcangelo R. T. D'Amore, ed., William Alanson White: The Was.h.i.+ngton Years, 1903 William Alanson White: The Was.h.i.+ngton Years, 19031937 (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976), 1314. (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1976), 1314.

29. William A. White, William A. White, Forty Years of Psychiatry Forty Years of Psychiatry (New York, 1933), 2832; Arcangelo R. T. D'Amore, "William Alanson White-Pioneer Psychoa.n.a.lyst," in D'Amore, (New York, 1933), 2832; Arcangelo R. T. D'Amore, "William Alanson White-Pioneer Psychoa.n.a.lyst," in D'Amore, William Alanson White William Alanson White, 6971.

30. William Alanson White Notes (Loeb), fols. 2, 3. William Alanson White Notes (Loeb), fols. 2, 3.

31. Ibid., fols. 67, 2021. Ibid., fols. 67, 2021.

32. William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 14. William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 14.

33. Ibid., fols. 16, 17. Ibid., fols. 16, 17.

34. Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/4025 (William Alanson White), fols. 1516, 18, 3536. Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/4025 (William Alanson White), fols. 1516, 18, 3536.

35. "Other Holidays Recalled on 4th by Loeb, Leopold," "Other Holidays Recalled on 4th by Loeb, Leopold," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 July 1924.

36. Trial Transcript, fols. 14331434; William Healy, Trial Transcript, fols. 14331434; William Healy, The Individual Delinquent: A Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders The Individual Delinquent: A Text-Book of Diagnosis and Prognosis for All Concerned in Understanding Offenders (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1915). (Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1915).

37. James W. Trent Jr., James W. Trent Jr., Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental r.e.t.a.r.dation in the United States Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental r.e.t.a.r.dation in the United States (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 141142, 155166; Leila Zenderland, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 141142, 155166; Leila Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert G.o.ddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert G.o.ddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 235250. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 235250.

k1 38. Trial Transcript, fols. 14551475. Trial Transcript, fols. 14551475.

39. Ibid., fols. 15161525. Ibid., fols. 15161525.

40. "Franks Defense Expert Staff Still Growing," "Franks Defense Expert Staff Still Growing," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 July 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 16601662; Bernard Glueck, "A Study of 608 Admissions to Sing Sing Prison," Mental Hygiene Mental Hygiene 2 (1918): 85151; Bernard Glueck, "Concerning Prisoners," 2 (1918): 85151; Bernard Glueck, "Concerning Prisoners," Mental Hygiene Mental Hygiene 2 (1918): 177218; Bernard Glueck, "Psychiatric Aims in the Field of Criminology," 2 (1918): 177218; Bernard Glueck, "Psychiatric Aims in the Field of Criminology," Mental Hygiene Mental Hygiene 2 (1918): 546556. 2 (1918): 546556.

41. Trial Transcript, fols. 16741677; Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/1375 (Bernard Glueck), fols. 12. Trial Transcript, fols. 16741677; Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/1375 (Bernard Glueck), fols. 12.

42. Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/1375 (Bernard Glueck), fol. 18. Psychiatric Reports, Unit I/1375 (Bernard Glueck), fol. 18.

43. Ibid., fol. 27. Ibid., fol. 27.

44. Edward Shorter, Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York: Wiley, 1997), 156164. (New York: Wiley, 1997), 156164.

45. Nathan G. Hale Jr., Nathan G. Hale Jr., The Rise and Crisis of Psychoa.n.a.lysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 1917 The Rise and Crisis of Psychoa.n.a.lysis in the United States: Freud and the Americans, 19171985 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 39, 2324, 7478; Catherine Lucille Covert, "Freud on the Front Page: Transmission of Freudian Ideas in the American Newspaper of the 1920s" (PhD dissertation, Syracuse University, 1975), 1214, 2634, 3637; David Evans Tanner, "Symbols of Conduct: Psychiatry and American Culture, 19001935" (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1981), 173180. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 39, 2324, 7478; Catherine Lucille Covert, "Freud on the Front Page: Transmission of Freudian Ideas in the American Newspaper of the 1920s" (PhD dissertation, Syracuse University, 1975), 1214, 2634, 3637; David Evans Tanner, "Symbols of Conduct: Psychiatry and American Culture, 19001935" (PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1981), 173180.

46. Gerald N. Grob, Gerald N. Grob, Mental Illness and American Society, 1875 Mental Illness and American Society, 18751940 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 4671. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 4671.

47. Elizabeth Lunbeck, Elizabeth Lunbeck, The Psychiatric Persuasion: Gender and Power in Modern America, 1875 The Psychiatric Persuasion: Gender and Power in Modern America, 18751940 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 2024, 4649. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 2024, 4649.

48. William A. White, William A. White, Insanity and the Criminal Law Insanity and the Criminal Law (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 2329, 224230. (New York: Macmillan, 1923), 2329, 224230.

49. Janet Ann Tighe, "A Question of Responsibility: The Development of American Forensic Psychiatry, 18381930" (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1983), 320323, 339346. Janet Ann Tighe, "A Question of Responsibility: The Development of American Forensic Psychiatry, 18381930" (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1983), 320323, 339346.

50. White, White, Insanity and the Criminal Law Insanity and the Criminal Law, 102106.

51. Tighe, "A Question of Responsibility," 321322. Tighe, "A Question of Responsibility," 321322.

52. "Loeb Defense Hires Best of Mind Experts," "Loeb Defense Hires Best of Mind Experts," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 6 July 1924.

53. Gerald Langford, Gerald Langford, The Murder of Stanford White The Murder of Stanford White (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), pp. 1719, 233234, 245256. (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), pp. 1719, 233234, 245256.

54. "Darrow Lauds Kin of Killers," "Darrow Lauds Kin of Killers," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 15 July 1924; "Leopold, Loeb Will Not Seek to Free Sons," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 10 July 1924.

55. "New Insanity Defense Seen," "New Insanity Defense Seen," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 12 July 1924.