For The Thrill Of It Part 26

56. "Leopold and Loeb Are Superficially Both Sane," "Leopold and Loeb Are Superficially Both Sane," Evening Telegram Evening Telegram (Toronto), 12 July 1924. (Toronto), 12 July 1924.

57. "Insanity School for Crowe Aids in Franks Case," "Insanity School for Crowe Aids in Franks Case," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 13 July 1924; "Rival Counsel Get Primed for Franks Battle," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 July 1924.

58. Philip Kinsley, "Lincoln Faces Death or Asylum," Philip Kinsley, "Lincoln Faces Death or Asylum," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 27 January 1924.

59. "'Not Guilty' Lincoln Plea in Court," "'Not Guilty' Lincoln Plea in Court," Aurora Daily Beacon-News Aurora Daily Beacon-News, 18 February 1924; "Lincoln Pivot of Franks Case," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 18 June 1924; "Lincoln Trial Test in Leopold Case," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 23 June 1924; "Delay Lincoln Sanity Quiz," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 23 June 1924.

60. "Crowe Attacks Franks' Killers' 'Insane' Defense," "Crowe Attacks Franks' Killers' 'Insane' Defense," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 July 1924.

61. "Radio Loeb-Leopold Trial?" "Radio Loeb-Leopold Trial?" Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 July 1924.

62. Roland Marchand, Roland Marchand, Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920 Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 19201940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 8889. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 8889.

63. Clayton R. Koppes, "The Social Destiny of the Radio: Hope and Disillusionment in the 1920s," Clayton R. Koppes, "The Social Destiny of the Radio: Hope and Disillusionment in the 1920s," South Atlantic Quarterly South Atlantic Quarterly 68 (1969): 364368. 68 (1969): 364368.

64. "Public Gives Views on Loeb Trial by Radio," "Public Gives Views on Loeb Trial by Radio," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 July 1924.

65. "Opinions Vary on Proposal to Radio Trial," "Opinions Vary on Proposal to Radio Trial," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 July 1924; "Tribune Offer to Radio Trial Stirs Public," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 July 1924; "City in Furore over Plan for Trial Broadcast," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 July 1924.

66. "Leopold, Loeb, Won't Ask Change of Venue," "Leopold, Loeb, Won't Ask Change of Venue," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 19 July 1924.

67. "Radio of Trial a.s.sailed," "Radio of Trial a.s.sailed," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 18 July 1924; "Judges of Two Courts Oppose 'Trial by Radio,'" Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 19 July 1924.

68. "Franks Trial Delay Hinted," "Franks Trial Delay Hinted," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 19 July 1924; "First Court Battle in Leopold-Loeb Case Tomorrow," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 20 July 1924; Genevieve Forbes, "Darrow Ready to Lay Franks Cards on Table," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 20 July 1924.

69. "Leopold-Loeb 'Jury Strategy' Mapped at War Council," "Leopold-Loeb 'Jury Strategy' Mapped at War Council," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 18 July 1924.

CHAPTER 12: MITIGATION OF PUNISHMENT.

1. Trial Transcript, fols. 1207, 1209. Trial Transcript, fols. 1207, 1209.

2. "Killers Admit All; Fate Up to Judge," "Killers Admit All; Fate Up to Judge," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 21 July 1924; "Leopold Dramatically Calm in Court; Loeb Fearful," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 22 July 1924.

3. "Breathless Crowds Jam Franks Hearing," "Breathless Crowds Jam Franks Hearing," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 21 July 1924; "Leopold Dramatically Calm," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 22 July 1924.

4. Genevieve Forbes, "Call 100 Franks Witnesses," Genevieve Forbes, "Call 100 Franks Witnesses," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 July 1924.

5. "Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty; Begin Trial Next Wednesday," "Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty; Begin Trial Next Wednesday," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 21 July 1924.

6. "Breathless Crowds." "Breathless Crowds."

7. Charles V. Slattery, "Leopold-Loeb Plead Guilty; Ask Mercy," Charles V. Slattery, "Leopold-Loeb Plead Guilty; Ask Mercy," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 22 July 1924; Forbes, "Call 100 Franks Witnesses"; Nathan F. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 61. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 61.

8. "Killers Admit All," "Killers Admit All," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 21 July 1924; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years Life Plus 99 Years, 62.

9. "Leopold Dramatically Calm." "Leopold Dramatically Calm."

10. "Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty." "Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty."

11. Ibid.; "'Guilty,' Slayers' Plea," Ibid.; "'Guilty,' Slayers' Plea," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 21 July 1924.

12. "Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty." "Loeb, Leopold Plead Guilty."

13. "Leopold Dramatically Calm." "Leopold Dramatically Calm."

14. "Crowe to Push Trial with All Possible Speed," "Crowe to Push Trial with All Possible Speed," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 July 1924.

15. Slattery, "Leopold-Loeb Plead Guilty"; "Franks Waits Call to Stand," Slattery, "Leopold-Loeb Plead Guilty"; "Franks Waits Call to Stand," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 22 July 1924.

16. "Franks' Parents Testify; New Scandal Suppressed," "Franks' Parents Testify; New Scandal Suppressed," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 22 July 1924.

17. "Crowds Sit Tense at Franks Hearing," "Crowds Sit Tense at Franks Hearing," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 23 July 1924.

18. "Mrs. Franks on Stand; Shown Son's Clothes," "Mrs. Franks on Stand; Shown Son's Clothes," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 22 July 1924; "Parents of Franks Testify," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 23 July 1924; "Mrs. Franks, Grief Bowed, Is Center of Interest," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 23 July 1924.

19. "Mrs. Franks on Stand"; Trial Transcript, fols. 107110. "Mrs. Franks on Stand"; Trial Transcript, fols. 107110.

20. "Jacob Franks Describes How Youths Worked," "Jacob Franks Describes How Youths Worked," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 22 July 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 7884, 100103.

21. Trial Transcript, fols. 7172. Trial Transcript, fols. 7172.

22. Genevieve Forbes, "State Closes Case Today," Genevieve Forbes, "State Closes Case Today," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 July 1924.

23. Sam Putnam, "Court Fans, Alert for Thrills, Turn Eyes to Darrow," Sam Putnam, "Court Fans, Alert for Thrills, Turn Eyes to Darrow," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 30 July 1924.

24. "Boys Primp for Big Day," "Boys Primp for Big Day," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 30 July 1924.

25. "Doctor, on Stand for Hours, Tells Name and Nothing More," "Doctor, on Stand for Hours, Tells Name and Nothing More," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 31 July 1924; Genevieve Forbes, "Calm Alienist Storm Center of Franks Trial," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 31 July 1924.

26. Trial Transcript, fols. 978979. Trial Transcript, fols. 978979.

27. Ibid., fols. 981982. Ibid., fols. 981982.

28. Ibid., fols. 982, 999, 10001001. Ibid., fols. 982, 999, 10001001.

29. People v. Geary People v. Geary, 297 Illinois 610611 (1921); "T. J. Fell Tells Jury How Geary Killed Reckas," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 July 1920; "5,000 Hunt Gene Geary, Mad Gunman," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 29 May 1920.

30. "Geary Warns Police He'll Fight to Last," "Geary Warns Police He'll Fight to Last," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 30 May 1920; "Jurors Acquit Geary; Verdict Arouses Hoyne," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 7 March 1920.

31. People v. Geary People v. Geary, 297 Illinois 612613 (1921).

32. Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 38 (Criminal Code), Section 285 (1917). Illinois Revised Statutes, Chapter 38 (Criminal Code), Section 285 (1917).

33. "Geary Violent in Cell; Doctor Starts Inquiry," "Geary Violent in Cell; Doctor Starts Inquiry," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 February 1921; "'Gene' Geary Tries Suicide; Nerve Fails," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 April 1921.

34. "Geary Will Ask Jury to Save Him from Rope," "Geary Will Ask Jury to Save Him from Rope," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 May 1921.

35. "Judge Will Name 3 Alienists to Fix Geary's Fate," "Judge Will Name 3 Alienists to Fix Geary's Fate," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 May 1921; "Gene Geary Held Sane; Expected to Hang June 17," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 June 1921.

36. People v. Geary People v. Geary, 298 Illinois 242 (1921).

37. "Geary to Asylum," "Geary to Asylum," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 September 1921.

38. Editorial, "Geary Beats the Rope," Editorial, "Geary Beats the Rope," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 September 1921.

l1 39. Trial Transcript, fols. 981, 986988, 1011, 1014. Trial Transcript, fols. 981, 986988, 1011, 1014.

40. People v. Lowhone People v. Lowhone, 292 Illinois, 3436 (1920); "Innocent Man Is Killed Last Friday Morning When Frank Lowhone Shoots Max Nottingham," Carmi Tribune-Times Carmi Tribune-Times, 10 April 1919.

41. People v. Lowhone People v. Lowhone, 296 Illinois, 400, 404 (1920); "Lowhone Is Executed," Carmi Tribune-Times Carmi Tribune-Times, 15 April 1921.

42. Trial Transcript, fols. 11201121. Trial Transcript, fols. 11201121.

43. Ibid., fols. 12131214. Ibid., fols. 12131214.

44. Charles V. Slattery, "Loeb and Leopold Win First Court Fight; Alienists Permitted to Go on Stand," Charles V. Slattery, "Loeb and Leopold Win First Court Fight; Alienists Permitted to Go on Stand," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 31 July 1924.

CHAPTER 13: PSYCHIATRISTS FOR THE DEFENSE.

1. Trial Transcript, fols. 13441345. Trial Transcript, fols. 13441345.

2. Ibid., fol. 1556. Ibid., fol. 1556.

3. Ibid., fols. 1691, 17081709. Ibid., fols. 1691, 17081709.

4. "Killers' Dream Life Bared," "Killers' Dream Life Bared," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 1 August 1924; Trial Transcript, fol. 1245.

5. "Victory Stirs Defense," "Victory Stirs Defense," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 1 August 1924.

6. Ibid. Ibid.

7. Trial Transcript, fols. 1279, 12831286. Trial Transcript, fols. 1279, 12831286.

8. Ibid., fols. 1284, 1293. Ibid., fols. 1284, 1293.

9. Ibid., fol. 1296. Ibid., fol. 1296.

10. Ibid., fols. 13171318. Ibid., fols. 13171318.

11. Ibid., fols. 1318, 13291330, 1336, 1340. Ibid., fols. 1318, 13291330, 1336, 1340.

12. William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 19. William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fol. 19.

13. Trial Transcript, fol. 1342. Trial Transcript, fol. 1342.

14. Ibid., fols. 13421345. Ibid., fols. 13421345.

15. Ibid., fol. 1349. Ibid., fol. 1349.

16. Ibid., fol. 1360. Ibid., fol. 1360.

17. Ibid., fols. 1391, 1407. Ibid., fols. 1391, 1407.

18. Ibid., fol. 1409, 1411. Ibid., fol. 1409, 1411.

19. Ibid., fols. 14121413. Ibid., fols. 14121413.

20. Charles V. Slattery, "Crowe Accuses Alienist of Trickery," Charles V. Slattery, "Crowe Accuses Alienist of Trickery," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 August 1924; John Ashenhurst, "Crowe Wages Fight on 'Dream' Defense," Chicago American Chicago American, 2 August 1924; "Leopold Expects to Hang; Knew Murder Wrong-Expert," Chicago Daily Journal Chicago Daily Journal, 2 August 1924; "Alienist's Tilt with Crowe as Shown by Q. & A.," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 3 August 1924.

21. "Boy Slayers Posed to Fool Alienists, Prosecutor Hints," "Boy Slayers Posed to Fool Alienists, Prosecutor Hints," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 2 August 1924; Genevieve Forbes, "Insanity Fixed, Crowe Hints," Chicago Sunday Tribune Chicago Sunday Tribune, 3 August 1924.

22. "Dejected? No, Just Thinking Out Next Move," "Dejected? No, Just Thinking Out Next Move," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 August 1924.

23. "Concedes Even 'Superman' Might Make Mistakes," "Concedes Even 'Superman' Might Make Mistakes," Chicago American Chicago American, 4 August 1924.

24. Genevieve Forbes, "Expert Paints Crime-Twins," Genevieve Forbes, "Expert Paints Crime-Twins," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 August 1924.

25. "Slayers' Baseness Is Depicted," "Slayers' Baseness Is Depicted," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 4 August 1924.

26. Trial Transcript, fols. 1467, 1524. On their emotional capacity, see Trial Transcript, fol. 1473. Trial Transcript, fols. 1467, 1524. On their emotional capacity, see Trial Transcript, fol. 1473.

27. "Hang the Slayers, Billy Sunday Says," "Hang the Slayers, Billy Sunday Says," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 5 June 1924.

28. "G.o.d Committed Death Penalty into Hands of State, Says Pastor," "G.o.d Committed Death Penalty into Hands of State, Says Pastor," Chicago Herald and Examiner Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 August 1924.

29. "Life of Child, Half Million Price of Thrill," "Life of Child, Half Million Price of Thrill," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 August 1924.

30. "Scores Boy Killers Case," "Scores Boy Killers Case," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 5 August 1924; Thomas R. Marshall, "Imprison in Spite of Insanity," Chicago Daily News Chicago Daily News, 9 August 1924.

31. "Blames Parents of d.i.c.k and Babe for Criminality," "Blames Parents of d.i.c.k and Babe for Criminality," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 5 August 1924.

32. Lynn Dumenil, Lynn Dumenil, The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s The Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s (New York: Hill and w.a.n.g, 1995), 145200; Michael E. Parrish, (New York: Hill and w.a.n.g, 1995), 145200; Michael E. Parrish, Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920 Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 19201941 (New York: Norton, 1992), 7193, 98104, 147149. (New York: Norton, 1992), 7193, 98104, 147149.

33. Kenneth T. Jackson, Kenneth T. Jackson, The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915 The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 19151930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 95, 109; Sam Putnam, "Caverly Gets Threat Letters Signed 'K.K.K.'," (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 95, 109; Sam Putnam, "Caverly Gets Threat Letters Signed 'K.K.K.'," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 6 August 1924.

34. Putnam, "Caverly Gets Threat Letters"; "Guard Hartman Home Following Kidnap Threats," Putnam, "Caverly Gets Threat Letters"; "Guard Hartman Home Following Kidnap Threats," Chicago Evening Post Chicago Evening Post, 19 June 1924; "Franks Home Offered for Sale," Chicago American Chicago American, 19 August 1924; "Grewsome Symbol of Death Is Left Near Home of Loeb," Chicago Daily Tribune Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 August 1924.