The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 60

The Llaneros occupy 'the great plains and sands that lie between the Pecos and the left bank of the river Grande del Norte.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. Inhabit the 'cajones de la Cabellera y Pitaycachi, Sierra de Mimbres, Laguna de Guzman.'

_Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'Ocupan ... los llanos y arenales situados entre el rio de Pecos, nombrado por ellos Tjunchi, y el Colorado que llaman Tjulchide.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 381; Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 6.

The Mimbrenos have their hunting grounds upon the Mimbres Mountains and River, and range between the sierras San Mateo and J'lorida on the north and south, and between the Burros and Mogoyen on the west and east.

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 207. 'Sudlich von den Apaches Gilenos, an den Granzen von Chihuahua und Neu-Mejico jagen in den Gebirgen im Osten die Apaches Mimbrenos.' _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom.

i., p. 211. 'La provincia de Nuevo Mexico es su confin por el Norte; por el Poniente la parcialidad mimbrena; por el Oriente la faraona, y por el Sur nuestra frontera.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p.

380. See also: _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 6. 'In the wild ravines of the Sierra de Acha.' _Mill's Hist. Mex._, p. 185.

The Chiricaguis adjoin on the north 'the Tontos and Moquinos; on the east the Gilenos; and on the south and west the province of Sonora.'

_Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Live in the mountains of that name, the Sierra Largua and Dos Cabaces.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, pp. 345-6.

The Tontos 'inhabit the northern side of the Gila from Antelope Peak to the Pimo villages.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 130. 'Between Rio Verde and the Aztec range of mountains,' and 'from Pueblo creek to the junction of Rio Verde with the Salinas.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p.

14-15; in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Cortez_, in _Id._, p. 118.

'Sudlich von den Wohnsitzen der Cocomaricopas und dem Rio Gila.'

_Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. i., p. 211. On the 'rio Puerco.'

_Barrangan_, in _El Orden, Mex._, _Decemb. 27, 1853_. 'In the canons to the north and east of the Mazatsal peaks.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 417. See _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p.

460; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185, vol. ii., p. 7. 'Inhabit the Tonto basin from the Mogollon Mountains on the north to Salt River on the south, and between the Sierra Ancha on the east to the Mazatsal Mountains.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 94. 'On both sides of the Verde from its source to the East Fork, and ... around the headwaters of the Chiquito Colorado, on the northern slope of the Black Mesa or Mogollon Mountains ... on the north, to Salt River on the south, and between the Sierra Ancha on the east and the Mazatsal Mountains on the west.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 221.

The Pinalenos, Pinols or Pinals range 'over an extensive circuit between the Sierra Pinal and the Sierra Blanca.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol.

i., p. 308. 'Between the Colorado Chiquito and Rio Gila.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.

See also: _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 147; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p.

150. In 'the country watered by the Salinas and other tributaries of the Gila.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859, p. 346; also _Whittier_, in _Id._, 1868, p. 141; _Colyer_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 94; _Jones_, in _Id._, p. 222.

The Coyoteros 'live in the country north of the Gila and east of the San Carlos.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223. 'Upon the Rio San Francisco, and head waters of the Salinas.' _Steck_, in _Id._, 1859, p.

346; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 430.

'The Gilenos inhabit the mountains immediately on the river Gila ...

bounded on the west by the Chiricagus; on the north by the province of New Mexico; on the east by the Mimbreno tribe.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii., p. 119. 'Oestlich von diesem Flusse (Gila), zwischen ihm und dem sudlichen Fusse der Sierra de los Mimbres, eines Theiles der Sierra Madre.' _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., p. 421; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 380; _Maxwell_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1873, p. 116.

The Apache Mojaves are 'a mongrel race of Indians living between the Verde or San Francisco and the Colorado.' _Poston_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1864, p. 156.

The _Navajos_ occupy 'a district in the Territory of New Mexico, lying between the San Juan river on the north and northeast, the Pueblo of Zuni on the south, the Moqui villages on the west, and the ridge of land dividing the waters which flow into the Atlantic ocean from those which flow into the Pacific on the east.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 283. 'Extending from near the 107th to 111th meridian, and from the 34th to the 37th parallel of lat.i.tude.' _Clark_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. viii., p. 280. Northward from the 35th parallel 'to Rio San Juan, valley of Tune Cha, and Canon de Ch.e.l.le.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Between the Del Norte and Colorado of the West,' in the northwestern portion of New Mexico.

_Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 216. 'In the main range of Cordilleras, 150 to 200 miles west of Santa Fe, on the waters of Rio Colorado of California.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., p. 285-6.

'Between the del Norte and the Sierra Anahuac, situated upon the Rio Chama and Puerco,--from thence extending along the Sierra de los Mimbros, into the province of Sonora.' _Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p.

180. 'La Provincia de Navajoos, que esta situada a la parte de el Norte del Moqui, y a la del Noruest de la Villa de Santa Fee.' _Villa-Senor y Sanchez_, _Theatro_, tom. ii., p. 426. 'Esta nacion dista de las fronteras de Nuevo-Mexico como veinticinco leguas, entre los pueblos de Moqui, Zuni y la capital (Santa Fe).' _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N.

Mex._, app., p. 10. 'Habita la sierra y mesas de Navajo.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 382. See also: _Alcedo_, _Diccionario_, tom. iii., p. 295. 'Along the 34th parallel, north lat.i.tude.' _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 16. 'On the tributaries of the river San Juan, west of the Rio Grande, and east of the Colorado, and between the thirty-fifth and thirty-seventh parallels of north lat.i.tude.'

_Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 172. 'From Canon de Ch.e.l.ly to Rio San Juan.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460.

'From the Rio San Juan to the Gila.' _Graves_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 179. 'Directly west from Santa Fe, extending from near the Rio Grande on the east, to the Colorado on the west; and from the land of the Utahs on the north, to the Apaches on the south.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 209. 'Fifty miles from the Rio del Norte.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 102. 'From the 33 to the 38 of north lat.i.tude.' and 'from Soccorro to the valley of Taos.' _Hughes'

Doniphan's Ex._, p. 202. Concurrent authorities: _Simpson's Jour. Mil.

Recon._, p. 78; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 184; _Ludewig's Ab.

Lang._, p. 132.

[Sidenote: MOJAVES AND YUMAS.]

The _Mojaves_ dwell on the Mojave and Colorado rivers, as far up as Black Canon. The word Mojave 'appears to be formed of two Yuma words--hamook (three), and habi (mountains)--and designates the tribe of Indians which occupies a valley of the Colorado lying between three mountains. The ranges supposed to be referred to are: 1st, "The Needles," which terminates the valley upon the south, and is called Asientic-habi, or first range; 2d, the heights that bound the right bank of the Colorado north of the Mojave villages, termed Havic-habi, or second range; and, 3d, the Blue Ridge, extending along the left bank of the river, to which has been given the name of Hamook-habi, or third range.' _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 30. 'Von 34 36'

nordwarts bis zum Black Canon.' _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 430-4. 'Inhabit the Cottonwood valley.' _Ives'

Colorado Riv._, p. 79. 'Occupy the country watered by a river of the same name, which empties into the Colorado.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., p. 178. 'The Mohaves, or Hamockhaves, occupy the river above the Yumas.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302. See further: _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 122; _Cal. Mercantile Jour._, vol. i., p. 227; _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217; _Willis_, in _Id._, _Spec.

Com._, 1867, pp. 329-30; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 123.

The _Hualapais_ are 'located chiefly in the Cerbat and Aquarius Mountains, and along the eastern slope of the Black Mountains. They range through Hualapai, Yampai, and Sacramento valleys, from Bill Williams Fork on the south to Diamond River on the north.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 217. 'In the almost inaccessible mountains on the Upper Colorado.' _Poston_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 387. 'On the north and south of the road from Camp Mohave to Prescott.' _Whittier_, in _Id._, 1868, p. 140. 'In the northwest part of Arizona.' _Willis_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 329.

The _Yumas_ or Cuchans range 'from the New River to the Colorado, and through the country between the latter river and the Gila, but may be said to inhabit the bottom lands of the Colorado, near the junction of the Gila and the Colorado.' _Ind. Traits_, vol. i., in _Hayes Collection_. 'Both sides of the Colorado both above and below the junction with the Gila.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 177-9.

'From about sixty miles above Fort Yuma to within a few miles of the most southern point of that part of the Colorado forming the boundary.'

_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107. 'Das eigentliche Gebiet dieses Stammes ist das Thal des untern Colorado; es beginnt da.s.selbe ungefahr achtzig Meilen oberhalb der Mundung des Gila, und erstreckt sich von da bis nahe an den Golf von Californien.'

_Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, vol. i., pp. 122, 430-1, 434.

'La junta del Gila con el Colorado, tierra poblada de la nacion yuma.'

_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p.

849. 'Le nord de la Ba.s.se-Californie, sur la rive droite du Rio-Colorado.' _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 186. 'For ten or fifteen miles north and south' in the valley near the mouth of the Gila. _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 42. See _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 101, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Latham's Comparative Philology_, vol. viii., p. 420; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 78; _Mowry's Arizona_, p. 33; _McKinstry_, in _San Francisco Herald_, _June, 1853_; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 205; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp. 301-2; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 202; _Jones_, in _Id._, 1869, p. 216; _Howard_, in _Id._, 1872, pp. 161-2; _Prichard's Nat. Hist. Man_, vol. ii., p. 561.

The _Cosninos_ 'roam northward to the big bend of the Colorado.'

_Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'In the vicinity of Bill Williams and San Francisco Mountains.' _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 221. See also: _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 484; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 185.

The _Yampais_ inhabit the country west and north-west of the Aztec range of mountains to the mouth of the Rio Virgen. _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'Am obern Colorado.' 'Nordlich von den Mohaves.' _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 431, 277. 'On the west bank of the Colorado, about the mouth of Bill Williams's fork.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 302; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 387.

The _Yalchedunes_ or Talchedunes 'live on the right bank of the Colorado, and their tribes first appear in lat. 33 20'.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124.

The _Yamajabs_ or Tamajabs 'are settled on the left bank of the Colorado from 34 of lat.i.tude to 35.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

iii., p. 124; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62.

The _Cochees_ are in the 'Chiricahua mountains, southern Arizona and northern Sonora.' _Whittier_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 141.

The _Nijoras_ dwell in the basin of the Rio Azul. 'Pet.i.te tribu des bords du Gila.' _Ruxton_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1850, tom.

cxxvi., p. 47; _Gallatin_, in _Id._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., p. 291.

The _Soones_ live 'near the head waters of the Salinas.' Emory's Reconnoissance, p. 133; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., p. 296.

The _Cocopas_ 'live along the Colorado for fifty miles from the mouth.'

_Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 31. 'On the Colorado bottoms were the Cocopahs, the southern gulf tribes of which Consag calls the Bagiopas, Hebonomas, Quigyamas, Cuculetes, and the Alchedumas.' _Browne's Explor.

of Lower Cal._, p. 54. 'On the right bank of the river Colorado, from lat. 32 18' upward.' _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p.

123. 'Range all the way from Port Isabel, upon the east bank of the river (Colorado), to the boundary line between the Republic of Mexico and the United States.' _Johnson's Hist. Arizona_, p. 10. 'Between the Gila and the Gulf, and near the latter.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol.

ii., p. 179. See also: _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 107; _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 301; _Poston_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 386; _Bailey_, in _Id._, 1858, p. 202; _Howard_, in _Id._, 1872, p. 149.

Without definitely locating them, Salmeron enumerates the following nations, seen by Onate during his trip through New Mexico:

The Cruzados, somewhere between the Moquis and the Rio Gila, near a river which he calls the Rio Sacramento. 'Dos jornadas de alli (Cruzados) estaba un rio de poco agua, por donde ellos iban a otro muy grande que entra en la mar, en cuyas orillas habia una nacion que se llama Amacava.' 'Pasada esta nacion de amacabos ... llegaron a la nacion de los Bahacechas.' 'Pasada esta nacion de Bahacecha, llegaron a la nacion de los indios ozaras.' 'La primera nacion pasado el rio del nombre de Jesus, es Halchedoma.' 'Luego esta la nacion Cohuana.' 'Luego esta la nacion Haglli.' 'Luego los Tlalliquamallas.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 31-6. 'La nacion Excanjaque que habita cien leguas del Nuevo-Mexico, rumbo Nordeste.' _Id._, p. 92. 'Habitan indios excanjaques aquel tramo de tierra que en cuarenta y seis grados de altura al polo y ciento sesenta y dos de longitud, se tiende oblicuamente al abrigo que unas serranias hacen a un rio que corre Norueste, Sur deste a incorpora.r.s.e con otro que se va a juntar con el Misissipi, son contermino de los pananas.' _Id._, p. 107. 'Cerca de este llano de Matanza, esta otro llano de esa otra parte del rio en que hay siete cerros, habitados de la nacion Aixas.'

_Id._, p. 92. 'La nacion de los Aijados, que hace frente por la parte del Oriente y casi confina con la nacion Quivira por la parte del norte, estando vecina de los Tejas por Levante.' _Paredes_, in _Id._, p. 217.

[Sidenote: PUEBLO FAMILY.]

In the PUEBLO FAMILY, besides the inhabitants of the villages situated in the valley of the Rio Grande del Norte, I include the seven Moqui villages lying west of the former, and also the Pimas, the Maricopas, the Papagos, and the Sobaipuris with their congeners of the lower Gila river. 'The number of inhabited pueblos in the Territory [New Mexico] is twenty-six.... Their names are Taos, Picoris, Nambe, Tezuque, Pojuaque, San Juan, San Yldefonso, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Cochiti, Isleta, Silla, Laguna, Acoma, Jemez, Zuni, Sandia, and Santa Clara....

In Texas, a short distance below the southern boundary of New Mexico, and in the valley of the Del Norte, is a pueblo called Isleta of the South,' and another called Los Lentes. _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 115-16.

San Geronimo de Taos, San Lorenzo de Picuries, San Juan de los Caballeros, Santo Tomas de Abiquiu, Santa Clara, San Ildefonso, San Francisco de Nambe, Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de Pojuaque, San Diego de Tesuque, N. S. de los Angeles de Tecos, San Buena Ventura de Cochiti, Santo Domingo, San Felipe, N. S. de los Dolores de Sandia, San Diego de Jemes, N. S. de la Asumpcion de Zia, Santa Ana, San Augustin del Isleta, N. S. de Belem, San Estevan de Acoma, San Josef de La Laguna, N. S. de Guadalupe de Zuni. _Alencaster_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p.

212. Taos, eighty-three miles north north-east of Santa Fe; Picuris, on Rio Picuris, sixty miles north by east of Santa Fe; San Juan, on the Rio Grande, thirty-four miles north of Santa Fe, on road to Taos; Santa Clara, twenty-six miles north north-west of Santa Fe; San Ildefonso, on Rio Grande, eighteen miles north of Santa Fe; Nambe, on Nambe Creek, three miles east of Pojuaque; Pojuaque, sixteen miles north of Santa Fe; Tesuque, eight miles north of Santa Fe; Cochiti, on west bank of Rio Grande, twenty-four miles south-west of Santa Fe; Santo Domingo, on Rio Grande, six miles south of Cochiti; San Felipe, on Rio Grande, six miles south of Santo Domingo; Sandia, on Rio Grande, fifteen miles south of San Felipe; Isleta, on Rio Grande, thirty miles south of Sandia; Jemes, on Jemes River, fifty miles west of Santa Fe; Zia, near Jemes, fifty-five miles west of Santa Fe; Santa Ana, near Zia, sixty-five miles west of Santa Fe; Laguna, west of Albuquerque forty-five miles, on San Jose River; Acoma, one hundred and fifteen miles west of Santa Fe, on a rock five hundred feet high, fifteen miles south-west of Laguna; Zuni, one hundred and ninety miles west south-west of Santa Fe, in the Navajo country, on Zuni River. _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, p. 222. See _Abert_, in _Emory's Reconnoissance_, pp. 488-94; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 10-12, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, pp. 191, 193-4; _Barreiro_, _Ojeada sobre N.

Mex._, p. 15. 'La primera, entrando sur a norte, es la nacion Tigua....

Estan poblados junto a la sierra de Puruai, que toma el nombre del princ.i.p.al pueblo que se llama asi, y orillas del gran rio ... fueran de este, pueblan otros dos pueblos, el uno San Pedro, rio abajo de Puruai y el otro Santiago, rio arriba.... La segunda nacion es la de Tahanos, que al rumbo oriental y mano derecha del camino, puebla un rio que de la parte del Oriente ... viene a unirse con el rio Grande; su pueblo princ.i.p.al es Zandia con otros dos pueblos.... La tercera nacion es la de los Gemex, que a la parte Occidua puebla las orillas del Rio-Puerco cuyo princ.i.p.al pueblo Qicinzigua.... La cuarta nacion es de los teguas, que estan poblados al Norte de los tahanas, de esa otra parte del rio, su princ.i.p.al es Galisteo ... con otros dos pueblos, y hay al rumbo oriental, encaramada en una sierra alta, la quinta de Navon de los Pecos, su princ.i.p.al pueblo se llama asi, otro se llama el Tuerto, con otras rancherias en aquellos picachos.... La sesta nacion es la de los queres.... El pueblo princ.i.p.al de esta nacion es Santo Domingo ... la setima nacion al rumbo boreal es la de los tahos.... La octava nacion es la de los picuries, al rumbo Norueste de Santa Cruz, cuyo pueblo princ.i.p.al es San Felipe, orillas del rio Zama, y su visita Cochite, orilla del mismo rio.... La ultima nacion es la de los tompiras, que habita de esa otra parte de la canada de Santa Clara y rio Zama, en un arroyo que junta al dicho rio, y es las fronteras de los llanos de Cibola o Zuni.' _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., pp. 98-100.