The First World War Part 9

CHAPTER 5: SHACKLED TO A CORPSE.

1 Gustaf Steffen, Gustaf Steffen, Weltkrieg une Imperialismus Weltkrieg une Imperialismus (Jena, 1915), pp. 49-51. (Jena, 1915), pp. 49-51.

2 Vladimir Littauer, Russian Vladimir Littauer, Russian Hussar Hussar (London, 1965), pp. 138, 150. (London, 1965), pp. 138, 150.

3 Max Hoffmann, Max Hoffmann, War War Diaries Diaries and other papers and other papers (2 vols, London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 40. (2 vols, London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 40.

4 Jeffrey Verhey, Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism. Myth and Mobilization in Germany The Spirit of 1914: Militarism. Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge, 2000), p. 91. (Cambridge, 2000), p. 91.

5 Reichsarchiv, Reichsarchiv, Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1925), p. 324. 1918, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1925), p. 324.

6 Dennis Showalter, Tannenberg (Hamden, Conn., 1991), p. 143. Dennis Showalter, Tannenberg (Hamden, Conn., 1991), p. 143.

7 Karl Friedrich Nowak (ed.), Die Karl Friedrich Nowak (ed.), Die Aufzeichungen des Generalmajors Max Hoffmann Aufzeichungen des Generalmajors Max Hoffmann (2 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, p. 29. (2 vols, Berlin, 1929), vol. 2, p. 29.

8 Hoffmann, Hoffmann, War Diaries, War Diaries, vol. 1, p. 41. vol. 1, p. 41.

9 Alfred Knox, Alfred Knox, With the Russian Army. 1914-1917 With the Russian Army. 1914-1917 (2 vols, London, 1921), vol. 1, p. 68. (2 vols, London, 1921), vol. 1, p. 68.

10 Letter from Hauptmann Geisler, 1 September 1914, in Wolfgang Foerster and Helmuth Greiner (eds), Letter from Hauptmann Geisler, 1 September 1914, in Wolfgang Foerster and Helmuth Greiner (eds), Wir Kampfer im Weltkrieg Wir Kampfer im Weltkrieg (Berlin, n.d.), pp. 109-10. (Berlin, n.d.), pp. 109-10.

11 Prince A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, The Prince A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, The Grinding Mill: Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia, 1913-1920 Grinding Mill: Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia, 1913-1920 (New York, 1935), p. 22. (New York, 1935), p. 22.

12 Wolfgang Foerster (ed.), Wolfgang Foerster (ed.), Mackensen. Briefe und Aufzeichnungen Mackensen. Briefe und Aufzeichnungen (Leipzig, 1938), pp. 73-4. (Leipzig, 1938), pp. 73-4.

13 Holger Afflerbach, Holger Afflerbach, Falkenhayn Falkenhayn (Munich, 1994), p. 217. (Munich, 1994), p. 217.

14 Norman Stone, Norman Stone, The Eastern Front 1914-1917 The Eastern Front 1914-1917 (London, 1975), p. 178. (London, 1975), p. 178.

15 Diary of Hauptmann von Loebell of 3rd Foot Guards, in Wolfgang Foerster and Helmuth Greiner (eds), Diary of Hauptmann von Loebell of 3rd Foot Guards, in Wolfgang Foerster and Helmuth Greiner (eds), Wir Kampfer im Weltkrieg Wir Kampfer im Weltkrieg (Berlin, n.d.), pp. 168-9. (Berlin, n.d.), pp. 168-9.

16 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Lobanov-Rostovsky, The Grinding Mill, The Grinding Mill, p. 20. p. 20.

17 George Buchanan, My George Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories (2 vols, London, 1923), vol. 1, p. 215. (2 vols, London, 1923), vol. 1, p. 215.

18 Knox, Knox, With the Russian Army, With the Russian Army, vol. 1, p. 349. vol. 1, p. 349.

19 A. A. Brusilov, A. A. Brusilov, A Soldier's Note-book A Soldier's Note-book 1914-1918 (London, 1930), p. 151. 1914-1918 (London, 1930), p. 151.

20 Lobanov-Rostovsky, The Lobanov-Rostovsky, The Grinding Mill, Grinding Mill, p. 160. p. 160.

21 Peter Gawell, Peter Gawell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I (Bloomington, IN, 1999), p. 15. (Bloomington, IN, 1999), p. 15.

22 Ibid., p. 16. Ibid., p. 16.

23 Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Ident.i.ty and German Occupation in World War I War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Ident.i.ty and German Occupation in World War I (Cambridge, 2000), p. 192. (Cambridge, 2000), p. 192.

24 Ibid., p. 71. Ibid., p. 71.

25 Stone, Stone, The Eastern Front, The Eastern Front, p. 210. p. 210.

26 David Stevenson, David Stevenson, The First World War and International Politics The First World War and International Politics (Oxford, 1988), p. 51. (Oxford, 1988), p. 51.

27 John R. Schindler, John R. Schindler, Isonzo : The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War Isonzo : The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War (Westport, CT, 2001), p. 18. (Westport, CT, 2001), p. 18.

28 Holger Herwig, Holger Herwig, The First World War : Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 The First World War : Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (London, 1997), p. 151. (London, 1997), p. 151.

29 Fernanda Bellachioma (trans.), Fernanda Bellachioma (trans.), Letters and Drawings of Enzo Valentini, Conte di Laviano, Italian Volunteer and Soldier Letters and Drawings of Enzo Valentini, Conte di Laviano, Italian Volunteer and Soldier (London, 1917), p. 78; see also pp. 157-68. (London, 1917), p. 78; see also pp. 157-68.

30 C. E. J. Fryer, C. E. J. Fryer, The Destruction of Serbia in 1915 The Destruction of Serbia in 1915 (New York, 1997), pp. 149, 159. (New York, 1997), pp. 149, 159.

31 Misha Glenny, Misha Glenny, The Balkans The Balkans (Harmondsworth, 1999), p. 331. (Harmondsworth, 1999), p. 331.

32 David French, David French, British Strategy and War Aims 1914-1916 British Strategy and War Aims 1914-1916 (London, 1986), p. 141. (London, 1986), p. 141.

33 George Leon, George Leon, Greece and the Great Powers 1914-1917 (Thessaloniki, Greece and the Great Powers 1914-1917 (Thessaloniki, 1974), p. 282. 1974), p. 282.

CHAPTER 6: BREAKING THE DEADLOCK.

1 Alexander Murray, 'Remembrance', Alexander Murray, 'Remembrance', Oxford Magazine, Oxford Magazine, no. 208 (2002), p. 10. no. 208 (2002), p. 10.

2 Jean Bernier, Jean Bernier, La Percee La Percee (Paris, 1920), quoted in Edmund Blunden (ed.) (Paris, 1920), quoted in Edmund Blunden (ed.) Great Short Stories of the War Great Short Stories of the War (London, 1933), p. 311. (London, 1933), p. 311.

3 Alexandre Arnoux, Le Cabaret (Paris, 1919), quoted in ibid., p. 127. Alexandre Arnoux, Le Cabaret (Paris, 1919), quoted in ibid., p. 127.

4 Charles Edmonds [Carrington], A Charles Edmonds [Carrington], A Subaltern's Subaltern's War (London, 1930), p. 23. War (London, 1930), p. 23.

5 George Coppard, George Coppard, With a Machine Gun to Cambrai With a Machine Gun to Cambrai (London, 1969), pp. 24-5. (London, 1969), pp. 24-5.

6 J. C. Dunn, J. C. Dunn, The War the Infantry Knew, 1914-1919 The War the Infantry Knew, 1914-1919 (London, 1987; first published 1938), pp. 192, 195-6. (London, 1987; first published 1938), pp. 192, 195-6.

7 Gerd Hardach, Gerd Hardach, The First World War 1914-1918 The First World War 1914-1918 (London, 1977), p. 80. (London, 1977), p. 80.

8 Arthur J. Marder, Arthur J. Marder, Fear G.o.d and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone Fear G.o.d and Dread Nought: The Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher of Kilverstone (3 vols, London, 1952-9), vol. 3, p. 238. (3 vols, London, 1952-9), vol. 3, p. 238.

9 Abel Ferry, Abel Ferry, Les Carnets secrets Les Carnets secrets (1914-1918) (Paris, 1957), p. 88. (1914-1918) (Paris, 1957), p. 88.

10 Description by Queen Marie of Romania, quoted in Glenn Torrey, Description by Queen Marie of Romania, quoted in Glenn Torrey, Henri Mathias Berthelot Henri Mathias Berthelot (Iai, 2001), p. 191. (Iai, 2001), p. 191.

11 Margaret H. Darrow, Margaret H. Darrow, French Women and the First World War French Women and the First World War (Oxford, 2000), p. 185. (Oxford, 2000), p. 185.

12 Ute Daniel, Ute Daniel, The War from Within: German Working-cla.s.s Women in the First World War The War from Within: German Working-cla.s.s Women in the First World War (Oxford, 1997), pp. 46-7. (Oxford, 1997), pp. 46-7.

13 Angela Woollacott, Angela Woollacott, On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the Great War On Her Their Lives Depend: Munitions Workers in the Great War (Berkeley, CA, 1994), p. 82. (Berkeley, CA, 1994), p. 82.

14 Robert Blake (ed.), Robert Blake (ed.), The Private Papers of Douglas Haig The Private Papers of Douglas Haig (London, 1952), p. 93. (London, 1952), p. 93.

15 Marechal Fayolle, Marechal Fayolle, Carnets secrets de la Grande Guerre, Carnets secrets de la Grande Guerre, ed. Henri Contamine (Paris, 1963), p. 169. ed. Henri Contamine (Paris, 1963), p. 169.

16 Robert Foley, Robert Foley, Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings Alfred von Schlieffen's Military Writings (London, 2003), p. 199. (London, 2003), p. 199.

17 Cyril Falls, 'Contact with Troops: Commanders and Staffs in the First World War', Cyril Falls, 'Contact with Troops: Commanders and Staffs in the First World War', Army Quarterly, Army Quarterly, vol. 88, no. 2 (1964), p. 179. vol. 88, no. 2 (1964), p. 179.

18 David French, 'The Meaning of Attrition', English David French, 'The Meaning of Attrition', English Historical Review, Historical Review, vol. 103 (1988), p. 395. vol. 103 (1988), p. 395.

19 M. Daille, M. Daille, Joffre et la guerre d'usure 1915-1916 Joffre et la guerre d'usure 1915-1916 (Paris, 1936), p. 170. (Paris, 1936), p. 170.

20 Pierre Miquel, Pierre Miquel, Les Poilus Les Poilus (Paris, 2000), p. 228. (Paris, 2000), p. 228.

21 Karl von Einem, Karl von Einem, Ein Armeefuhrer erleht den Weltkrieg Ein Armeefuhrer erleht den Weltkrieg (Leipzig, 1938), pp. 150-1. (Leipzig, 1938), pp. 150-1.

22 Miquel, Miquel, Les Poilus, Les Poilus, p. 229. p. 229.

23 Charles Mangin, Charles Mangin, Lettres Lettres de de guerre guerre 1914-1918 (Paris, 1950), p. 59. 1914-1918 (Paris, 1950), p. 59.

24 E. L. Spears, E. L. Spears, Prelude to Victory Prelude to Victory (London, 1939), p. 33. (London, 1939), p. 33.

25 David Woodward, Lloyd George David Woodward, Lloyd George and and the the Generals Generals (Newark, 1983), p. 77. (Newark, 1983), p. 77.

26 French, 'The Meaning of Attrition', p. 398. French, 'The Meaning of Attrition', p. 398.

27 Daille, Joffre et Daille, Joffre et la la guerre d'usure, guerre d'usure, p. 256. p. 256.

28 Elizabeth Greenhalgh, 'Why the British Were on the Somme in 1916', Elizabeth Greenhalgh, 'Why the British Were on the Somme in 1916', War in History, War in History, vol. 6 (1999), p. 156. vol. 6 (1999), p. 156.

29 Jacques Pericard, Jacques Pericard, Verdun. Histoire des combats qui sont livres de 1914 a 1918 sur les deux rives de La Meuse Verdun. Histoire des combats qui sont livres de 1914 a 1918 sur les deux rives de La Meuse (Paris, 1934), p. 80. (Paris, 1934), p. 80.

30 German Werth, German Werth, Verdun. Die Schlacht Verdun. Die Schlacht und und der Mythos der Mythos (Bergisch Gladbach, 1979), p. 72. (Bergisch Gladbach, 1979), p. 72.

31 Alistair Horne, Alistair Horne, The Price of Glory: Verdun The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916 (London, 1962), p. 39. 1916 (London, 1962), p. 39.

32 Ian Ousby, Ian Ousby, The Road to Verdun: France, Nationalism and the First World War The Road to Verdun: France, Nationalism and the First World War (London, 2002), p. 195. (London, 2002), p. 195.

33 Stephen Ryan, Stephen Ryan, Petain the Soldier Petain the Soldier (Cranbury, NJ, 1969), p. 74. (Cranbury, NJ, 1969), p. 74.

34 Philippe Petain, Philippe Petain, Verdun, Verdun, trans. Margaret MacVeagh (London, 1936), pp. 100-1. trans. Margaret MacVeagh (London, 1936), pp. 100-1.

35 Ousby, Ousby, The Road to Verdun, The Road to Verdun, p. 206. p. 206.

36 Gerard De Groot, Gerard De Groot, Douglas Haig, 1861-1928 Douglas Haig, 1861-1928 (London, 1988), p. 238. (London, 1988), p. 238.

37 Guy Chapman, Guy Chapman, Vain Glory Vain Glory (London, 1937), p. 320. (London, 1937), p. 320.

38 Tim Travers, Tim Travers, The Killing Ground: The British Army, the Western Front and the Emergence of Modern Warfare 1900-1918 The Killing Ground: The British Army, the Western Front and the Emergence of Modern Warfare 1900-1918 (London, 1987), p. 178. (London, 1987), p. 178.

39 Fayolle, Fayolle, Cahiers secrets, Cahiers secrets, p. 167. p. 167.

40 P. Lucas, P. Lucas, L'Evolution des idees tactigues en France et en Allemagne pendant la guerre de 1914-1918 L'Evolution des idees tactigues en France et en Allemagne pendant la guerre de 1914-1918 (Paris, 1924), p. 158. (Paris, 1924), p. 158.

41 David Woodward, 'Britain in a Continental War: The Civil-Military Debate over the Strategical Direction of the Great War of 1914-1918', David Woodward, 'Britain in a Continental War: The Civil-Military Debate over the Strategical Direction of the Great War of 1914-1918', Albion, Albion, vol. 12 (1980), pp. 37-65. vol. 12 (1980), pp. 37-65.

CHAPTER 7: BLOCKADE.

1 B. McL. Ranft (ed.), B. McL. Ranft (ed.), The Beatty Papers, The Beatty Papers, (2 vols, Aldershot, 1989-92), vol. 1, pp. 145-6. (2 vols, Aldershot, 1989-92), vol. 1, pp. 145-6.

2 Ibid., pp. 36-7. Ibid., pp. 36-7.

3 Patrick Beesley, Patrick Beesley, Room Room 40: 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914-1918 British Naval Intelligence 1914-1918 (London, 1982), pp. 36-7. (London, 1982), pp. 36-7.

4 Ranft, Ranft, The Beatty Papers, The Beatty Papers, p. 211. p. 211.

5 Jon Sumida, In Jon Sumida, In Defence of Naval Supremacy: Defence of Naval Supremacy: Finance, Finance, Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914 Technology and British Naval Policy, 1889-1914 (Boston, MA, 1989), pp. 297-9. (Boston, MA, 1989), pp. 297-9.

6 A. Temple Patterson, A. Temple Patterson, The Jellicoe The Jellicoe Papers (2 vols, London, 1966-8), vol. 1, p. 76. Papers (2 vols, London, 1966-8), vol. 1, p. 76.

7 Andrew Gordon, Andrew Gordon, The Rules The Rules of the of the Game: Jutland and British Naval Command Game: Jutland and British Naval Command (London, 1996), p. 112. (London, 1996), p. 112.

8 V. E. Tarrant, V. E. Tarrant, Jutland: The German Perspective Jutland: The German Perspective (London, 1995), p. 107. (London, 1995), p. 107.

9 Geoffrey Bennett, Geoffrey Bennett, Naval Battles of the First World War Naval Battles of the First World War (London, 1968), p. 256. (London, 1968), p. 256.

10 Lord Hankey, Lord Hankey, The Supreme Command 1914-1918 The Supreme Command 1914-1918 (2 vols, London, 1961), vol. 2, p. 858. (2 vols, London, 1961), vol. 2, p. 858.

11 Anne Roerkohl, Anne Roerkohl, Hungersblockade und Heimatfront. Die kommunale Lehensmittelversorgung in Westfalen wahrend des Ersten Weltkrieges Hungersblockade und Heimatfront. Die kommunale Lehensmittelversorgung in Westfalen wahrend des Ersten Weltkrieges (Stuttgart, 1991), p. 306. (Stuttgart, 1991), p. 306.

12 A. C. Bell, A A. C. Bell, A History of the Blockade of Germany History of the Blockade of Germany (London, 1937), p. 672. (London, 1937), p. 672.

13 Charles Gilbert, Charles Gilbert, American Financing of World War I American Financing of World War I (Westport, CT, 1970), pp. 33, 37. (Westport, CT, 1970), pp. 33, 37.

14 M. W. W. P. Consett, M. W. W. P. Consett, The Triumph of Unarmed Forces (1914-1918) The Triumph of Unarmed Forces (1914-1918) (London, 1923), p. 184. (London, 1923), p. 184.

15 Bell, Bell, A History of the Blockade, A History of the Blockade, pp. 250-1. pp. 250-1.