Washington - A Life Part 21

CHAPTER TWENTY: ALL LONDON AFLOAT.

1. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 142. 142.2. Ibid., 6.3. Ibid., 19.4. Ibid., 131.5. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 64. 64.6. PWR, PWR,5:266. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 11, 1776.7. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 135. 135.8. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 31. 31.9. PWR, PWR,5:180. "General Orders," July 2, 1776.10. Ibid., 5:181.11. Ibid., 5:191-93. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 3, 1776.12. PWR, PWR, 4:11. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776. 4:11. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776.13. Darnton, George Was.h.i.+ngton's False Teeth, George Was.h.i.+ngton's False Teeth, 98. 98.14. Winik, Great Upheaval, Great Upheaval, 76. 76.15. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 44. 44.16. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:14. 2:14.17. Wills, Cincinnatus, Cincinnatus, 187. 187.18. PWR, PWR,3:386. Letter to Burwell Ba.s.sett, February 28, 1776 February 28, 1776. 19. Ibid., 5:246. "General Orders," July 9, 1776. 19. Ibid., 5:246. "General Orders," July 9, 1776.20. Ibid.21. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 29. 29.22. PWR, PWR,5:258. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 10, 1776.23. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 141. 141.24. PWR, PWR,5:256-57. "General Orders," July 10, 1776.25. Ibid., 5:260. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 10, 1776.26. Ibid., 6:54. Letter to the New York Convention, August 17, 1776.27. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:136-37. 4:136-37.28. PWR, PWR,10:410. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 25, 1777.29. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 1:156. 1:156.30. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 75. 75.31. Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 219. 219.32. PWR, PWR,5:296. Letter from Lord Howe, July 13, 1776.33. Ibid., 4:11. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 1, 1776.34. Ibid., 5:297.35. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:139. 4:139.36. PWR, PWR,5:306. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 14, 1776.37. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 6. 6.38. Ibid.39. Ibid., 7.40. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 145. 145.41. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 66. 66.42. Ibid., 65.43. Ibid.44. PWR, PWR,5:400-401. "Memorandum of an Interview with Lieutenant Colonel James Paterson," July 20, 1776.45. Ibid., 5:401.46. Ibid., 5:408. Letter to Colonel Adam Stephen, July 20, 1776.47. Ibid., 5:424. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 22, 1776.48. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 147. 147.49. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 87. 87.50. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 151. 151.51. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 20. 20.52. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 90. 90.53. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 153. 153.54. Ibid., 148.55. Ibid.56. WWR, WWR,236. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, August 19, 1776.

CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: DISASTER.

1. PWR, PWR,5:610. Letter to Jesse Root, August 7, 1776.2. Ibid., 5:632. Letter to Brigadier General William Livingston, August 8, 1776.3. Ibid., 6:18. "General Orders," August 14, 1776.4. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 155-56. 155-56.5. WWR, WWR,234. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, August 19, 1776.6. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 90. 90.7. WWR, WWR,239. "General Orders," August 23, 1776.8. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 161. 161.9 . PWR, PWR,16:490. Letter from Major General Israel Putnam, September 2, 1778. 10. Ibid., 6:129. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, August 26, 1776. 10. Ibid., 6:129. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, August 26, 1776.11. Ibid., 6:137. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, August 26, 1776.12. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:110. 2:110.13. Ibid.14. PWR, PWR, 6:162. 6:162.15. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 239. 239.16. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 98. 98.17. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:178. 4:178.18. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 186. 186.19. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 178. 178.20. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:112. 2:112.21. Ibid., 2:114.22. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 243. 243.23. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 190. 190.24. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 101. 101.25. Schecter, Battle for New York, Battle for New York, 165. 165.26. PWR, PWR,6:495. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, October 6, 1776.27. Ibid., 6:164.28. Ibid., 6:364. "General Orders," September 22, 1776.29. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:121. 2:121.30. PWR, PWR,6:494. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, October 6, 1776.31. Ibid., 6:114. Letter to the New York Convention, August 23, 1776.32. Ibid., 6:207. Letter from John Hanc.o.c.k, September 3, 1776.33. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 204. 204.34. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:119. 2:119.35. PWR, PWR,6:249. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, September 8, 1776.36. Ibid.37. Ibid., 6:251.38. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 245. 245.39. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 211. 211.40. Brookhiser, Founding Father, Founding Father, 19. 19.41. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 245. 245.42. PWR, PWR,6:313. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, September 16, 1776.43. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 8. 8.44. PWR, PWR,6:316.45. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:123. 2:123.46. PWR, PWR,6:313. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, September 16, 1776.47. Ibid., 6:316.48. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:123. 2:123.49. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 104. 104.50. PWR, PWR, 6:334. 6:334.51. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:129. 2:129.52. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 157. 157.53. PWR, PWR,6:320. "General Orders," September 17, 1776.54. Ibid., 6:348. "General Orders," September 20, 1776.55. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 81. 81.56. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 96. 96.57. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 106. 106.58. PWR, PWR,6:370.59. Ibid., 6:400. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, September 25, 1776.60. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:208. 4:208.61. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 73. 73.62. WWR, WWR,255. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, November 6, 1776.63. Ibid., 249. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, September 30, 1776.64. Ibid., 250.

CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: AN INDECISIVE MIND.

1. McCullough, 1776 1776, 230.2. PWR, PWR,7:57.3. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:136. 2:136.4. PWR, PWR,7:52.5. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:140. 2:140.6. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 163. 163.7. Ibid., 228.8. PWR, PWR,7:115-16. Letter to Major General Nathanael Greene, November 8, 1776.9. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 113. 113.10. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:235. 4:235.11. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:145. 2:145.12. Ibid., 2:148.13. PWR, PWR,7:106.14. Ibid., 7:154. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, November 14, 1776.15. McCullough, 1776 1776, 239.16. PWR, PWR,7:163. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, November 16, 1776.17. McCullough, 1776 1776, 240.18. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 167. 167.19. Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 274. 274.20. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 250. 250.21. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 243. 243.22. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 75. 75.23. PWR, PWR,7:104. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, November 19, 1776.24. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:293. 4:293.25. Ibid., 4:264.26. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 168. 168.27. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 250. 250.28. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 105. 105.29. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 125. 125.30. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:157. 2:157.31. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 247. 247.32. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:171. 2:171.33. Grizzard, George!, George!, 267. 267.34. PWR, PWR,7:238.35. Ibid., 7:237.36. Ibid., 7:237. Letter to Colonel Joseph Reed, November 30, 1776.37. Ibid., 8:542. Letter from Joseph Reed, March 8, 1777.38. Ibid., 10:4. Letter to Joseph Reed, June 11, 1777.39. Ibid., 7:235. Letter from Charles Lee, November 30, 1776.40. Ibid., 7:256. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, December 3, 1776.41. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:167. 2:167.42. PWR, PWR,7:371. Letter to Samuel Was.h.i.+ngton, December 18, 1776.43. Ibid., 7:365. Letter to James Bowdoin, December 18, 1776.

CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: THE CROSSING.

1. PWR, PWR,7:321. Letter to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., December 12, 1776.2. WWF, WWF,19:408. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780.3. WWR, WWR,257. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, December 5, 1776.4. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 262. 262.5. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 133. 133.6. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 272. 272.7. PWR, PWR,7:370. Letter to Samuel Was.h.i.+ngton, December 18, 1776.8. Ibid., 7:415. Letter from Colonel Joseph Reed, December 22, 1776.9. Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 283. 283.10. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 196. 196.11. Nelson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, 113. 113.12. Ibid., 114.13. PWR, PWR,7:423. Letter to Colonel Joseph Reed, December 23, 1776.14. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 168. 168.15. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 220. 220.16. Ibid., 203. 203.17. PWR, PWR,7:436. "General Orders," December 25, 1776.18. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 218. 218.19. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 271. 271.20. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 212. 212.21. Ibid., 218.22. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 276. 276.23. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 228. 228.24. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 277. 277.25. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 231. 231.26. Ibid., 232.27. Ibid., 190.28. Ibid., 204.29. WWR, WWR,264. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, December 27, 1776.30. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 248. 248.31. Ibid., 249.32. Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 287. 287.33. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:188. 2:188.34. PWR, PWR,7:448. "General Orders," December 27, 1776.35. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 266. 266.36. Ibid., 266.37. Ibid., 144.38. Ibid.39. WWR, WWR,265. Letter to Robert Morris, George Clymer, and George Walton, January 1, 1777.40. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 272. 272.41. PWR, PWR,8:123. Letter to John Parke Custis, January 22, 1777.42. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 272-73. 272-73.43. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 91. 91.44. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 300-301. 300-301.45. Ibid., 307.46. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:183. 2:183.47. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 314. 314.48. Ibid., 315.49. Ibid., 318.50. Ibid., 324.51. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 288. 288.52. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 333. 333.53. PWR, PWR,7:528.54. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:185. 2:185.55. Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 293. 293.56. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 289. 289.57. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:187. 2:187.58. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 204. 204.59. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 379. 379.60. PWR, PWR,8:37. Letter to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., January 10, 1777.61. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 259. 259.62. Ibid., 289.63. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:189. 2:189.64. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 98. 98.65. McCullough, 1776, 1776, 291. 291.66. PWR, PWR,7:529.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: THE BUSY SCENES OF A CAMP.

1. PWR, PWR,8:123. Letter to John Parke Custis, January 22, 1777.2. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 203. 203.3. WWF, WWF, 19:408. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780. 19:408. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780.4.Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:191. 2:191.5.PWR,8:61. Letter to Robert Morris, January 13, 1777.6.Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 114. 114.7.Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:198. 2:198.8. Ibid., 2:533.9.WWF, 13:139. "General Orders," October 23, 1778. 13:139. "General Orders," October 23, 1778.10.Longmore, Invention of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Invention of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 193. 193.11.WWR,269. "Proclamation Concerning Loyalists," January 25, 1777.12.Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:193. Fischer, 2:193. Fischer, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, Was.h.i.+ngton's Crossing, 353. 353.13.Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 120. 120.14.Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 202. 202.15.WWF,16:58. Letter to Major General Robert Howe, August 6, 1779.16. WWR, WWR,344. Letter to Elias Boudinot, May 3, 1779.17. WWF, WWF, 14:277. Letter to Major Benjamin Tallmadge, March 21, 1779. 14:277. Letter to Major Benjamin Tallmadge, March 21, 1779.18. Ibid.19. PWR, PWR,7:489. Letter to Robert Morris, December 30, 1776.20. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 120. 120.21.PWR,9:9. Letter to Elisha Boudinot, March 29, 1777.22.Ibid., 79. Letter to Joseph Reed, April 7, 1777.23.Ibid.24.WWF, 14:291. Letter to Major General Alexander McDougall, March 25, 1779. 14:291. Letter to Major General Alexander McDougall, March 25, 1779.25.PWR,4:112-13. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, April 23, 1776.26.Ibid., 8:584. Letter to Samuel Was.h.i.+ngton, March 15, 1777.27.Ibid., 5:462. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 25, 1776.28.Jefferson, Writings, Writings, 1319. 1319.29.Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:401. 2:401.30.Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 30. 30.31.Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 118. 118.32.Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:302. 2:302.33.Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 89. 89. PWR, PWR, 2:407. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, November 20, 1775. 2:407. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Reed, November 20, 1775.34.PWRT,3:41. Letter to John Adams, September 25, 1798.35. Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society. Timothy Pickering Papers, P-31, Reel 52, p. 27.36. Ibid., P-31, Reel 51, p. 106.37. WWR, WWR,200. Letter to Joseph Reed, January 14, 1776.38. WWF, WWF, 20:293. Letter to the President of Congress, November 5, 1780. 20:293. Letter to the President of Congress, November 5, 1780.39. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:210. 4:210.40. WWR, WWR,190. Letter to William Woodford, November 10, 1775.41.WWF,18:45. Letter to the Board of War, February 23, 1780.42.Ibid., 14:400. "General Orders," April 17, 1779.43.Ibid., 24:261. "General Orders," May 16, 1782.44. PWR, PWR,15:82. "General Orders," May 9, 1778.45. WWF, WWF, 16:13. "General Orders," July 29, 1779. 16:13. "General Orders," July 29, 1779.46. WWR, WWR,228. "General Orders," July 9, 1779.47. PWR, PWR,2:74. Letter to Samuel Was.h.i.+ngton, September 30, 1775.48. WWF, WWF, 24:432. Letter to James McHenry, July 18, 1782. 24:432. Letter to James McHenry, July 18, 1782.49. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 12. 12.50. Thompson, "'As If I had Been a Very Great Somebody.'"51. PWR, PWR,9:322.52. Ibid.53. Ibid., 9:321-22.54. Ibid., 9:321.55. WWR, WWR,413. Letter to Sarah Bache, January 15, 1781.56. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 177. 177.57. Ibid.58. PWCF, PWCF,2:412. Letter to William Gordon, March 8, 1785.59. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 15. 15.60. Grant, John Adams, John Adams, 304. 304.61. WWF, WWF,22:353. Letter to Joseph Jones, July 10, 1781.62. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 4. 4.63. Ibid., 7.64. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 36. 36.65. Ibid., 37.66. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 30. 30.67. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 63. 63.68. Ibid., 67.69. PWR, PWR,10:602.70. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 6. 6.71. Ibid., 93.72. Ibid., 70.73. Ibid.74. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:215. 2:215.75. Ibid.76. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 55. 55.77. PWR, PWR,8:382. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, February 20, 1777.78. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, 341. 341.

CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: DARKNESS VISIBLE.

1. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 223. 223.2. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:211. 2:211.3. PWR, PWR,10:290. Letter to Major General Philip Schuyler, July 15, 1777.4. Ibid., 10:410. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 25, 1777.5. Ibid., 10:506. Letter to Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., August 4, 1777.6. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 231. 231.7. Ibid., 232.8. PWR, PWR,11:52. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, August 23, 1777.9. Ibid., 11:53.10. Ibid., 11:51. "General Orders," August 23, 1777.11. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 71-72. 71-72.12. PWR, PWR,11:148. "General Orders," September 7, 1777.13. Ibid., 11:157. "General Orders," September 6, 1777.14. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 232. 232.15. PWR, PWR,11:190.16. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 74. 74.17. PWR, PWR,11:199. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, September 11, 1777.18. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:485. 4:485.19. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:224. 2:224.20. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 50. 50.21. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 241. 241.22. PWR, PWR,11:200. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, September 11, 1777.23. Ibid.24. PWR, PWR,11:332. Letter to Brigadier General Thomas Nelson, Jr., September 27, 1777.25. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 75. 75.26. Jefferson, Writings, Writings, 1318. 1318.27. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 336. 336.28. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:229. 2:229.29. Ibid., 2:226.30. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 75. 75.31. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 99. 99.32. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 335. 335.33. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 247. 247.34. Ibid., 250.35. Morgan, Genius of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Genius of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 9. 9.36. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 251. 251.37. Ellis, His Excellency, His Excellency, 107. 107.38. PWR, PWR,11:398.39. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 254. 254.40. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:233. 2:233.41. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 255. 255.42. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:234. 2:234.43. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 257. 257.44. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Was.h.i.+ngton, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Was.h.i.+ngton, 200. 200.45. PWR, PWR,11:397.46. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 245. 245.47. Nelson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, 120. 120.48. WWR, WWR,278. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, October 18, 1777.49. PWR, PWR,11:409. Letter to General William Howe, October 6, 1777.50. Ibid., 11:410.51. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 244. 244.52. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 239. 239.53. PWR, PWR,11:487. Letter to John Page, October 11, 1777.54. Ibid., 11:394. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, October 5, 1777.55. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 245. 245.

CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: RAPPING A DEMIG.o.d OVER THE KNUCKLES.

1. Nelson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, 127. 127.2. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 148. 148.3. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 78. 78.4. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:238. 2:238.5. Ibid., 2:212.6. PWR, PWR,10:240. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, July 10, 1777.7. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 238. 238.8. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:247. 2:247.9. PWR, PWR,11:512-13. "General Orders," October 15, 1777.10. Cunliffe, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 109. 109.11. PWR, PWR,11:541. "General Orders," October 18, 1777.12. Ibid., 11:596. Letter to John Hanc.o.c.k, October 24, 1777.13. Ibid., 11:614. Letter from John Hanc.o.c.k, October 25, 1777.14. Ibid., 12:21. Letter to Major General Israel Putnam, October 26, 1777.15. Ibid., 12:93. Letter from Major General Horatio Gates, November 2, 1777.16. Ibid., 12:27. Letter to Landon Carter, October 27, 1777.17. Ibid., 12:243. Letter to Patrick Henry, November 13, 1777.18. Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 177. 177.19. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 21. 21.20. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 109. 109.21. PWR, PWR,12:60-61. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, October 30, 1777.22. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 102. 102.23. PWR, PWR,12:141. Letter from Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, November 6, 1777.24. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 338. 338.25. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 61. 61.26. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 276. 276.27. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:597. 4:597.28. Ibid., 4:547.29. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:241. 2:241.30. WWR, WWR,275. Letter to Richard Henry Lee, October 17, 1777.31. Ibid.32. Ibid., 276.33. PWP, PWP, 10:75. "Memorandum on General Officers," March 9, 1792. 10:75. "Memorandum on General Officers," March 9, 1792.34. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:248. 2:248.35. PWR, PWR,13:139.36. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:258. 2:258.37. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:556. 4:556.38. PWR, PWR,12:276. Letter from Brigadier General Thomas Conway, November 16, 1777.39. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:258. 2:258.40. PWR, PWR,12:577. Letter from Major General Horatio Gates, December 8, 1777.41. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:267. 2:267.42. Ibid., 2:263.43. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 339. 339.44. Ibid., 340.45. Ibid., 341.46. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:251. 2:251.47. PWR, PWR,13:360. Letter from Major General Thomas Conway, January 27, 1778.48. Grizzard, George!, George!, 57. 57.49. PWR, PWR,13:195-96. Letter from Major General Thomas Conway, January 10, 1778.50. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:265. 2:265.51. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 278. 278.52. PWR, PWR,14:329. Letter to Patrick Henry, March 27, 1778.53. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:266. 2:266.54. Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, Spur of Fame, 212. 212.55. WWF, WWF,14:385. Letter to John Jay, April 14, 1779.56. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 100. 100.57. PWR, PWR,16:140. Letter from Thomas Conway, July 23, 1778.

CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: A DREARY KIND OF PLACE.

1. Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 120. 120.2. PWR, PWR,12:669. Letter to Henry Laurens, December 22, 1777.3. Ibid., 13:435. Letter to John Parke Custis, February 1, 1778.4. WWR, WWR,284. Letter to Henry Laurens, December 23, 1777.5. Grizzard, George!, George!, 319. 319.6. WWR, WWR,281. "General Orders," December 17, 1777.7. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 127. 127.8. Nelson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, 121. 121.9. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:261. 2:261.10. Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 27. 27.11. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:282. 2:282.12. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 165. 165.13. Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 13. 13.14. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:277. 2:277.15. Ellis, American Creation, American Creation, 69. 69.16. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:277. 2:277.17. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 341. 341.18. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 96. 96.19. Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, Spur of Fame, 207. 207.20. Smith, John Marshall, John Marshall, 63. 63.21. WWR, WWR,282. Letter to Henry Laurens, December 23, 1777.22. PWR, PWR,18:448. Letter to Benjamin Harrison, December 18, 1778.23. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 4:571. 4:571.24. WWR, WWR,299-300. Letter to John Banister, April 21, 1778.25. PWR, PWR,13:323. Letter to Brigadier General John Lacey, Jr., January 23, 1778.26. WWR, WWR,292. Letter to George Clinton, February 16, 1778.27. Ibid., 342. Letter to James Warren, March 31, 1779.28. Ibid., 340. Letter to George Mason, March 27, 1779.29. Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 175-76. 175-76.30. Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 122. 122.31. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 107. 107.32. Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 122. 122.33. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:283. 2:283.34. Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 177. 177.35. Zinoman, "Leaders.h.i.+p and Honor, n.o.ble and Not So," New York Times, New York Times, October 24, 2008. October 24, 2008.36. Addison, Cato, Cato, 14. 14.37. Ibid., 31, 87.38. Ibid., 87, 84.39. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 55. 55.40. Ibid.41. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 227-28. 227-28.42. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 110. 110.43. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 148. 148.44. PWR, PWR,12:567. Letter from Baron von Steuben, December 6, 1777.45. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 104. 104.46. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:288. 2:288.47. PWR, PWR,14:287. Letter to Lieutenant Colonels Francis Barber and John Brooks, March 24, 1778.48. Ibid., 16:152. Letter to Henry Laurens, July 24, 1778.49. PWP, PWP, 10:74. "Memorandum on General Officers," March 9, 1792. 10:74. "Memorandum on General Officers," March 9, 1792.50. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 128. 128.51. Ibid., 218.52. Ibid., 244.53. PWR, PWR,14:429. Letter from Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, April 8, 1778.54. Ibid., 16:315. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, August 15, 1778.55. Ibid., 14:1. "General Orders," March 1, 1778.56. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:289. 2:289.57. PWR, PWR,15:38-39. "General Orders," May 5, 1778.58. Ibid., 15:39.59. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 108. 108.60. Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 124. 124.61. Thompson, "In the Hands of a Good Providence," "In the Hands of a Good Providence," 151. 151.62. PWR, PWR,15:221. Letter to Robert Morris, May 25, 1778.

CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THE LONG RETREAT.

1. PWR, PWR,12:27. Letter to Landon Carter, October 27, 1777.2. Wood, "The Making of a Disaster."3. PWR, PWR,15:262. Letter to Gouverneur Morris, May 29, 1778.4. Ibid., 15:261.5 . Ibid., 8:289. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, February 9, 1777.6. Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 345. 345.7. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 289. 289.8. Ibid., 290.9. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:294. 2:294.10. PWR, PWR,15:403. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, June 15, 1778.11. Ibid., 14:325. "General Orders," March 27, 1778.12. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 143. 143.13. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 291. 291.14. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:16. 5:16.15. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 113. 113.16. PWR, PWR,15:526. Letter from Major General Nathanael Greene, June 24, 1778.17. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 293. 293.18. Ibid., 294.19. PWR, PWR,15:536. "General Orders," June 25, 1778.20. Ibid., 15:541. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, June 25, 1778.21. Ibid., 15:560.22. Ibid., 16:4. Letter to Henry Laurens, July 1, 1778.23. Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, Private Yankee Doodle, 127. 127.24. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 300. 300.25. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:304. 2:304.26. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 114. 114.27. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:305. 2:305.28. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 114. 114.29. Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 300. 300.30. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:305. 2:305.31. Ibid.32. Grizzard, George!, George!, 184. 184.33. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:306. 2:306.34. Ibid.35. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 114. 114.36. PWR, PWR,16:5. Letter to Henry Laurens, July 1, 1778.37. Ibid., 16:25. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, July 4, 1778.38. Ibid., 15:583. "General Orders," June 29, 1778.39. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:310. 2:310.40. PWR, PWR,16:35. Letter from Henry Laurens, July 7, 1778.41. WWF, WWF,13:15. Letter to Henry Laurens, October 3, 1778.42. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:311. 2:311.43. Ibid.44. PWR, PWR,15:594-95. Letter from Major General Charles Lee, ca. June 30, 1778.45. Ibid., 15:595-96. Letter to Major General Charles Lee, June 30, 1778.46. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:312. 2:312.47. WWF, WWF,13:334. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, November 26, 1778.48. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:314. 2:314.49. WWF, WWF,13:384. Letter to President Joseph Reed, December 12, 1778.50. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 225. 225.51. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:327. 2:327.52. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 117. 117.

CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: PESTS OF SOCIETY.

1. Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 119. 119.2. PWR, PWR,16:38. Letter from Vice Admiral d'Estaing, July 8, 1778.3. WWR, WWR,320. Letter to Thomas Nelson, August 20, 1778.4. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:54. 5:54.5. PWR, PWR,8:580. Letter to Major General John Sullivan, March 15, 1777.6. Ibid., 17:111. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, September 23, 1778.7. Ibid., 16:464. Letter to Major General John Sullivan, September 1, 1778.8. WWR, WWR,321. Letter to Count d'Estaing, September 11, 1778.9. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 86. 86.10. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:327. 2:327.11. WWF, WWF, 20:350. "General Orders," November 15, 1780. 20:350. "General Orders," November 15, 1780.12. Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 169. 169.13. WWR, WWR,329. Letter to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778.14. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 247. 247.15. WWR, WWR,329. Letter to Henry Laurens, November 14, 1778.16. Ibid., 330.17. Ibid., 328.18. Ibid.19. Morgan, Genius of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Genius of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 15. 15.20. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:330. 2:330.21. PWR, PWR,18:521.22. WWF, WWF,13:336. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, November 26, 1778.23. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 195. 195.24. WWF, WWF,13:383. Letter to President Joseph Reed, December 12, 1778.25. Ibid., 13:348. Letter to President Joseph Reed, November 27, 1778.26. Stahr, John Jay, John Jay, 109. 109.27. Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 73. 73.28. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 197. 197.29. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:336. 2:336.30. Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 291. 291.31. WWF, WWF,13:385. Letter to President Joseph Reed, December 12, 1778.32. Cadou, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, 75. 75.33. Thompson, "'As If I had Been a Very Great Somebody.'"34. Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 196. 196.35. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 154. 154.36. WWF, WWF, 14:27. Letter to the Committee of Conference, January 20, 1779. 14:27. Letter to the Committee of Conference, January 20, 1779.37. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 223. 223.38. Ibid.39. Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 188. 188.40. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 224. 224.41. WWR, WWR, 1102. 1102.42. WWF, WWF, 20:341. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, November 12, 1780. 20:341. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, November 12, 1780.43. WWR, WWR,338. Letter to Henry Laurens, March 20, 1779.44. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 232. 232.45. WWF, WWF, 24:421. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, July 10, 1782. 24:421. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, July 10, 1782.46. PWC, PWC,10:330. Letter to Edward Montagu, April 5, 1775.47. WWR, WWR,335. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, February 24, 1779.

CHAPTER THIRTY: THE STORM THICKENS.

1. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 1:323. 1:323.2. WWR, WWR,540. Letter to James Duane, September 7, 1783.3. PWR, PWR,18:166. Letter to Brigadier General Edward Hand, November 16, 1778.4 . Grant, John Adams, John Adams, 163. 163.5 . Cadou, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, 75. 75.6 . WWF, WWF, 14:199. Letter to Major General Horatio Gates, 14:199. Letter to Major General Horatio Gates,March 6, 1779.7 . Ibid., 14:484. Letter to the President of Congress, May 3, 1779.8 . WWR, WWR,350. "Speech to the Delaware Chiefs," May 12, 1779.9 . Ibid.10 . Ibid, 351.11 . Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 182. 182.12 . WWF, WWF,15:189. Letter to Major General John Sullivan, May 31, 1779.13 . WWR, WWR,365. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.14 . Ibid.15 . WWF, WWF, 17:465. Letter to Philip Schuyler, January 30, 17:465. Letter to Philip Schuyler, January 30,1780.16 . Lengel, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, General George Was.h.i.+ngton, 307. 307.17 . Grizzard, George!, George!, 341-42. 341-42.18 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:229. 2:229.19 . PWP, PWP, 10:74. "Memorandum on General Officers," March 9, 1792. 10:74. "Memorandum on General Officers," March 9, 1792.20 . Wood, Empire of Liberty, Empire of Liberty, 130. 130.21 . Grizzard, George!, George!, 344. 344.22 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 47. 47.23 . Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 413. 413.24 . WWF, WWF,15:447. Letter to the President of Congress, July 21, 1779.25 . WWR, WWR,363. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.26 . Ibid., 374. Letter to Joseph Reed, May 28, 1780.27 . Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 104. 104.28 . Cadou, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, 75. 75.29 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 75. 75.30. Ibid., 74.31. Ibid., 75.32 . Ibid.33 . WWR, WWR,362-63. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.34 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 75. 75.35 . Ibid.36 . Cadou, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, 76. 76.37 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 77. 77.38 . WWR, WWR,361-63. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, September 30, 1779.39. Ibid., 361.40 . Ibid., 366.41 . Ibid.42 . Ibid.43 . WWF, WWF, 16:274. Letter to Count d'Estaing, September 13, 1779. 16:274. Letter to Count d'Estaing, September 13, 1779.44 . Ibid., 17:91. Letter to John Parke Custis, November 10, 1779.45 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 172. 172.46 . WWF, WWF,17:423. Letter to Major General Nathanael Greene, January 22, 1780.47 . Stahr, John Jay, John Jay, 105. 105.48 . WWF, WWF,13:21. Letter to Gouverneur Morris, October 4, 1778.49 . Ibid., 14:432. Letter to Burwell Ba.s.sett, April 22, 1779.50 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:359. 2:359.51 . WWF, WWF,17:315. Letter to Philip Schuyler, December 25, 1779.52 . Ibid., 17:293. Letter to Governor William Livingston, December 21, 1779.53 . Ibid., 17:272. Letter to John Jay, December 15, 1779.54 . Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 212. 212.55 . WWF, WWF, 17:460. "General Orders," January 28, 1780. 17:460. "General Orders," January 28, 1780.56 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 8. 8.57 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 127. 127.58 . Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:144. 5:144.59. Ibid., 5:156.60 . Grant, John Adams, John Adams, 228. 228.61 . Thompson, Memorandum for the Martha Was.h.i.+ngton Memorandum for the Martha Was.h.i.+ngton Anniversary Committee, Anniversary Committee, 7. 7.62 . WWF, WWF, 18:453. Letter to Joseph Jones, May 31, 1780. 18:453. Letter to Joseph Jones, May 31, 1780.63. Ibid.64 . Ibid., 18:436. Letter to President Joseph Reed, May 28, 1780.65 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:356. 2:356.66. Ibid., 2:357.67. Ibid.68 . Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 134. 134.69 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:357. 2:357.70 . Ibid.71 . WWR, WWR,380. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, July 6, 1780.

CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: THE TRAITOR.

1 . Grizzard, George!, George!, 201. 201.2 . WWF, WWF,18:164. "Council of War," March 27, 1780.3. Diaries, Diaries,6:130-31.4 . WWF, WWF, 18:509. Letter to Governor Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., June 11, 1780. 18:509. Letter to Governor Jonathan Trumbull, Sr., June 11, 1780.5. Unger,Lafayette, 111. 111.6 . Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 133. 133.7 . WWF, WWF,19:36. Letter to the President of Congress, June 20, 1780.8 . Ibid., 19:131. Letter to Fielding Lewis, July 6, 1780.9 . Ibid., 19:481-82. Letter to Samuel Was.h.i.+ngton, August 31, 1780.10 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:365. 2:365.11 . Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 138. 138.12 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:366. 2:366.13 . Stahr, John Jay, John Jay, 110. 110.14 . WWF, WWF, 14:385. Letter to John Jay, April 14, 1779. 14:385. Letter to John Jay, April 14, 1779.15 . Hochschild, Bury the Chains, Bury the Chains, 184. 184.16 . Ibid.17 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 138. 138.18 . WWF, WWF,20:50. Letter to the President of Congress, September 15, 1780.19 . Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 183. 183.20 . Ibid., 140.21. Ibid., 182.22. Ibid., 183.23 . Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 165. 165.24 . WWF, WWF,20:238. "Instructions to Major General Nathanael Greene," October 22, 1780.25 . Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 242. 242.26 . WWF, WWF, 19:236. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, July 22, 1780. 19:236. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, July 22, 1780.27 . Ibid., 19:403. Letter to the President of Congress, August 20, 1780.28. Ibid., 19:405.29 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 141. 30 . Chinard, 141. 30 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 63. 63.31 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:371. 2:371.32 . Ibid., 2:371-72.33 . Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 354. 354.34 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 40. 40.35 . WWR, WWR,390. Letter to John Cadwalader, October 5, 1780.36 . Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 397. 397.37 . Wetherell, "On the Trail of Benedict Arnold."38 . Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 212. 212.39 . Ibid., 249.40. Ibid., 301.41. Ibid., 321.42 . PWCF, PWCF,4:175.43 . Ibid.44 . Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 326. 326.45 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:383. 2:383.46 . Cooper, "Out of the Spy's Stocking and into the Wash," New York Times, New York Times, September 8, 2005. September 8, 2005.47 . Palmer, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, George Was.h.i.+ngton and Benedict Arnold, 361. 361.48 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:384. 2:384.49. Ibid., 2:386.50 . Ibid.51. Ibid., 2:388.52 . Ibid. 2:389.53 . Ibid.54. Ibid., 2:390.55 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 142. 142.56 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:388. 2:388.57 . WWF, WWF, 20:95. "General Orders," September 26, 1780. 20:95. "General Orders," September 26, 1780.58 . WWR, WWR,392. Letter to John Laurens, October 13, 1780.59 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 141. 141.60 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:390. 2:390.61 . Ibid.62 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 143. 143.63 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:387. 2:387.64 . WWF, WWF,20:87. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel JohnJameson, September 25, 1780.65 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 66. 66.66. Ibid., 67.67 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:394. 2:394.68 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 144. 144.69 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 68. 68.70 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 73. 73.71 . Ibid.72 . Ibid.73 . Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 125. 125.74 . WWR, WWR,392. Letter to John Laurens, October 13, 1780.75 . WWF, WWF,20:95. "General Orders," September 26, 1780.76 . Ibid., 20:151. Letter to Count de Rochambeau, October 10, 1780.77 . WWR, WWR,393. Letter to John Laurens, October 13, 1780.78 . WWF, WWF,20:223. Letter to Major Henry Lee, October 20, 1780.79 . Ibid., 21:255. "Instructions to Marquis de Lafayette," February 20, 1781.80 . Brookhiser, Founding Father, Founding Father, 37. 37.

CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: MUTINY.

1 . WWF, WWF,20:303. "General Orders," November 6, 1780.2 . Ibid., 20:314. Letter to the President of Congress, November 7, 1780.3 . Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:232. 5:232.4 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:398. 2:398.5 . WWF, WWF, 20:431. "Plan for Attack on New York," November 1780. 20:431. "Plan for Attack on New York," November 1780.6 . Ibid., 21:62. "Circular to the New England States," January 5, 1781.7 . Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 150. 150.8 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 99. 99.9 . WWF, WWF, 22:191. Letter to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, June 9, 1781. 22:191. Letter to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, June 9, 1781.10 . WWR, WWR,414. Letter to Robert Howe at West Point, January 22, 1781.11 . WWF, WWF, 21:136. Letter to the President of Congress, January 23, 1781. 21:136. Letter to the President of Congress, January 23, 1781.12 . Nelson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, 157. 157.13 . WWR, WWR,409. Letter to John Laurens, January 15, 1781.14 . Grant, John Adams, John Adams, 267. 267.15 . WWF, WWF, 21:181. Letter to John Sullivan, February 4, 1781. 21:181. Letter to John Sullivan, February 4, 1781.16 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 151. 151.17. Ibid.18 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:411. 2:411.19 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 152. 152.20 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:412. 2:412.21 . Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 152. 152.22 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:412. 2:412.23 . Ibid.24 . Ibid.25 . WWF, WWF,21:491. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, April 22, 1781.26 . Ibid., 22:3. Letter to Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton, April 27, 1781.27. Ibid.28 . Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, Spur of Fame, 34. 34.29. Ibid., 47.30 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:494. 2:494.31 . Ibid.32 . WWF, WWF, 21:411. Letter to the President of Congress, April 4, 1781. 21:411. Letter to the President of Congress, April 4, 1781.33. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:427. 2:427.34 . Higginbotham, George Was.h.i.+ngton Reconsidered, George Was.h.i.+ngton Reconsidered, 280. 280.35 . Ramsay, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2. 2.36 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:417. 2:417.37 . Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:491. 5:491.38 . MTV. "Early Descriptions Ante 1800." Reminiscence of Ludwig Baron von Closen.39 . WWF, WWF, 21:341. Letter from Benjamin Harrison, February 25, 1781. 21:341. Letter from Benjamin Harrison, February 25, 1781.40 . Ibid., 21:341-42. Letter to Benjamin Harrison, March 21, 1781.

CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: PLUNDERING SCOUNDRELS.

1 . Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 241. 241.2 . Golway, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, Was.h.i.+ngton's General, 260. 260.3 . Middlekauff, Glorious Cause Glorious Cause, 494.4 . WWF, WWF,21:470-71. Letter to Nathanael Greene, April 18, 1781.5 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:421. 2:421.6 . Ibid.7. Ibid.8 . WWF, WWF,21:332. Letter to the Reverend William Gordon, March 9, 1781.9 . Ibid., 21:386. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, March 28, 1781.10 . Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:282-83. 5:282-83.11 . WWR, WWR,420. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, April 30, 1781.12 . Ibid.13 . Ibid., 421.14 . WWR, WWR,422. "Journal of the Yorktown Campaign," n.d.15 . WWF, WWF, 21:378. Letter to Major General John Armstrong, March 26, 1781. 21:378. Letter to Major General John Armstrong, March 26, 1781.16 . Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 134. 134.17 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:429. 2:429.18. Ibid., 2:399.19 . Ibid., 2:429-30.20 . WWR, WWR,402. Letter to Benjamin Franklin, December 20, 1780.21 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:402. 2:402.22 . Ibid.23. Ibid., 2:399.24 . Ibid.25 . Ibid.26. Ibid., 2:401.27 . Ibid., 2:431.28 . WWR, WWR,429. "Journal of Yorktown Campaign," May 31, 1781.29. DiariesA, DiariesA,214.30 . WWF, WWF,22:171. Letter to Count de Rochambeau, June 7, 1781.31. Ibid., 22:208. Letter to Count de Rochambeau, June 13, 1781.32 . PWCF, PWCF, 6:415. Letter to Noah Webster, July 31, 1788. 6:415. Letter to Noah Webster, July 31, 1788.33. Ibid., 6:414.34. Ibid., 6:415.35 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:434-35. 2:434-35.36 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 14. 14.37 . Ibid., 146.38 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 65. 65.39 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:435. 2:435.40 . WWR, WWR,440. "Journal of Yorktown Campaign," July 18, 1781.41 . WWF, WWF,22:396. "Conference at Dobbs Ferry," July 19, 1781.42 . WWR, WWR,442. "Journal of the Yorktown Campaign," July 20, 1781.43 . WWF, WWF,22:401. Letter to the Count de Gra.s.se, July 21, 1781.44 . Ibid., 22:402.

CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR: THE WORLD TURNED UPSIDE DOWN.

1 . WWF, WWF,22:450. Letter to Robert Morris, August 2, 1781.2 . Ibid., 22:457. Letter to the Count de Barras, August 3, 1781.3 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 69. 69.4. Ibid., 68.5 . WWR, WWR,451. "Journal of Yorktown Campaign," August 14, 1781.6 . Morgan, Genius of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Genius of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 8. 8.7 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 159. 159.8 . Rosenfeld, American Aurora, American Aurora, 415. 415.9 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 162. 162.10 . Gaines, For Liberty and Glory, For Liberty and Glory, 157. 157.11 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:443. 2:443.12 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 35. 35.13 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 42. 42.14 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 16. 16.15 . Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 250. 250.16 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:446. 2:446.17 . MTV. "Early Descriptions Ante 1800." "Early Descriptions Ante 1800."18 . Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 67. 67.19 . MTV. "Early Descriptions Ante 1800." "Early Descriptions Ante 1800."20 . Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 135. 135.21. DiariesA, DiariesA,232.22 . Ibid.23 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 186. 186.24 . Ibid.25 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:449. 2:449.26 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 180. 180.27 . Ibid., 209.28 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:449. 2:449.29 . Ibid.30 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 349. 349.31 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:451. 2:451.32 . Ibid.33. Ibid., 2:452.34 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 208. 208.35 . Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 153. 153.36 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:454. 2:454.37 . Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:356. 5:356.38. DiariesA, DiariesA,243.39 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 227. 227.40 . Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 185. 185.41 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 235. 235.42 . Schutz and Adair, Spur of Fame, Spur of Fame, 45. 45.43 . Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 245. 245.44 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:456. 2:456.45 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, 72. 72.46 . WWR, WWR, 459. 459.47 . Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 176. 176.48 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 194. 194.49 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:457. 2:457.50 . Hague, William Pitt the Younger, William Pitt the Younger, 67. 67.51 . Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 187. 187.52 . Stephenson, Patriot Battles, Patriot Battles, 352. 352.53 . Martin, Private Yankee Doodle, Private Yankee Doodle, 241. 241.54 . Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 187. 187.55 . Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:377. 5:377.56 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:458. 2:458.57 . WWR, WWR,464. Letter to Charles Cornwallis, October 17, 1781.58 . Ketchum, Victory at Yorktown, Victory at Yorktown, 242. 242.59 . Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 247. 247.60 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:460. 2:460.61. DiariesA, DiariesA,240.62 . WWR, WWR,464. Letter to Thomas McKean, October 19, 1781.63 . Ibid., 468. Letter to Thomas McKean, November 15, 1781.64 . Callahan,Henry Knox, 188. 188.65 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:469. 2:469.66 . Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 162. 162.67 . Ibid., 164.68 . Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 138. 138.69 . Thompson, "In the Hands of a Good Providence," "In the Hands of a Good Providence," 116. 116.70 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:471. 2:471.71 . PWRT, PWRT, 4:489. "George Was.h.i.+ngton's Last Will and Testament," July 9, 1799. 4:489. "George Was.h.i.+ngton's Last Will and Testament," July 9, 1799.72 . Brady, George Was.h.i.+ngton's Beautiful Nelly, George Was.h.i.+ngton's Beautiful Nelly, 21. 21.73 . Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:446. 2:446.74 . Ibid., 471. 75. Ibid. 75. Ibid.76. Irving, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, Life of George Was.h.i.+ngton, 558. 558.77. Henriques, "Saint or Shrew?"78. Felder, Fielding Lewis and Was.h.i.+ngton Family, Fielding Lewis and Was.h.i.+ngton Family, 295. 295.79. Conkling, Memoirs of Mother and Wife of Was.h.i.+ngton, Memoirs of Mother and Wife of Was.h.i.+ngton, 51. 51.

CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE: MAN OF MODERATION.

1. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:474. 2:474.2. WWF, WWF,24:495-96. Letter to Chevalier de Chastellux, August 10, 1782.3. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:475. 2:475.4. WWF, WWF,24:271. Letter to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, May 22, 1782.5. Ibid., 24:91. Letter to Colonel Matthias Ogden, March 28, 1782.6. Ibid.7. Wood, "The Making of a Disaster."8. Grizzard, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 18. 18.9. Ibid.10. Ibid., 19.11. Callahan, Henry Knox, Henry Knox, 193. 193.12. WWF, WWF,24:307. Letter to Brigadier General Elias Dayton, June 4, 1782.13. Isaacson, Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Franklin, 413. 413.14. WWF, WWF, 24:313-14. "The Address of the Commander in Chief . . . on the Banks of the Hudson, June 5, 1782." 24:313-14. "The Address of the Commander in Chief . . . on the Banks of the Hudson, June 5, 1782."15. Ibid., 24:273. Letter from Colonel Lewis Nicola, May 22, 1782.16. WWR, WWR,468-69. Letter to Colonel Lewis Nicola, May 22, 1782.17. Ibid.18. WWF, WWF,25:37. Letter to the Reverend William Smith, August 18, 1782.19. Ibid., 25:151. Letter to James McHenry, September 12, 1782.20. Ibid., 25:176. Letter to Thomas Paine, September 18, 1782.21. Ibid., 25:273. Letter to Benjamin Franklin, October 18, 1782. 25:273. Letter to Benjamin Franklin, October 18, 1782.22. Ibid., 25:142. "General Orders," September 9, 1782.23. Ibid., 25:179. "General Orders," September 18, 1782.24. Ibid., 25:303. "General Orders," October 28, 1782.25. Ibid., 24:488. "General Orders," August 7, 1782.26. Ibid., 25:281. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, October 20, 1782.27. WWR, WWR,484. Letter to Nathanael Greene, February 6, 1783.28. WWF, WWF,22:497. Letter to George Walton and Richard Howley, August 13, 1781.29. WWR, WWR,479. Letter to Joseph Jones, December 14, 1782.30. WWF, WWF,25:270. Letter to James McHenry, October 17, 1782.31. WWR, WWR,481. Letter to Tench Tilghman, January 10, 1783.32. WWF, WWF,26:97. Letter to Major General William Heath, February 5, 1783.33. Ibid., 26:26. Letter to Major General John Armstrong, January 10, 1783.34. Ibid., 25:465. Letter to Colonel Timothy Pickering, December 25, 1782.35. WWR, WWR,473. Letter to Benjamin Lincoln, October 7, 1782.36. WWF, WWF, 25:227. Letter to the Secretary at War, October 2,1782. 25:227. Letter to the Secretary at War, October 2,1782.37. Ibid., 26:42. Letter to John Augustine Was.h.i.+ngton, January 16, 1783.38. Ibid., 26:43.39. Ibid., 26:44.40 . Ibid.41. Ibid., 26:137. Letter to David Rittenhouse, February 16, 1783.42. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 176. 176.43. Ibid., 177.44. Ibid.45. WWR, WWR,488. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, March 4, 1783.46. Ibid., 489.47. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, 179. 179.48. WWR, WWR,1108.49. Ibid.50. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:503. 2:503.51. WWR, WWR,490. "General Orders," March 11, 1783.52. Ibid., 492. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, March 12, 1783.53. WWF, WWF,26:229.54. WWR, WWR,497. "Speech to the Officers of the Army," March 15, 1783.55. Ibid., 498.56. Ibid., 500.57. Ibid.58. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:435. 5:435.59. Brookhiser, Founding Father Founding Father, 45.60. WWR, WWR,501. Letter to Joseph Jones, March 18, 1783.61. Cadou, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, 78. 78.62. Ibid., 215.

CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX: CLOSING THE DRAMA WITH APPLAUSE.

1. Thompson, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, Statements Regarding the Physical Appearance, 32. 32.2. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 1:192. 1:192.3. Ibid, 2:432.4. Ibid., 2:499.5. Brown, "The Antiquities of Dental Prothesis," Dental Cosmos, Dental Cosmos, November 1934. November 1934.6. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:500. 2:500.7. Henriques, Realistic Visionary Realistic Visionary, 154.8. Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 163. 163.9. WWR, WWR, 513. "General Orders," April 18, 1783. 513. "General Orders," April 18, 1783.10. Ibid.11. Ibid.12. WWF, WWF, 26:274. Letter to Theodorick Bland, March 31, 1783. 26:274. Letter to Theodorick Bland, March 31, 1783.13. Ibid., 26:370. Letter to Governor Benjamin Harrison, April 30, 1783.14. Ibid., 26:364. Letter to Daniel Parker, April 28, 1783.15. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, Bury the Chains, 102. 102.16. WWF, WWF, 26:402. "Substance of a Conference between General Was.h.i.+ngton and Sir Guy Carleton," May 6, 1783. 26:402. "Substance of a Conference between General Was.h.i.+ngton and Sir Guy Carleton," May 6, 1783.17. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, Bury the Chains, 102. 102.18. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 257. 257.19. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, Bury the Chains, 102. 102.20. WWF, WWF,26:404. "Substance of a Conference between General Was.h.i.+ngton and Sir Guy Carleton," May 6, 1783.21. Hochschild, Bury the Chains, Bury the Chains, 104. 104.22. Ibid., 102.23. Wiencek, Imperfect G.o.d, Imperfect G.o.d, 256. 256.24. WWR, WWR,505. Letter to Alexander Hamilton, March 31, 1783.25. Ibid., 509. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, April 5, 1783.26. Ibid., 516. "Circular to State Governments," June 8, 1783.27. Ibid., 516-17.28. Ibid., 517. 29. Ibid., 517-18. 29. Ibid., 517-18.30. Ibid., 518.31. Ibid., 520.32. Ibid., 526.33. Ibid.34. PWCF, PWCF,1:329. Letter to Henry Knox, September 23, 1783. September 23, 1783.35. WWF, WWF,27:57. Letter to George William Fairfax, July 10, 1783.36. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:517. 2:517.37. Ibid.38. PWCF, PWCF,1:2. Letter to Richard Varick, January 1, 1784.39. Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 143. 143.40. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:519. 2:519.41. Ibid.42. Nelson, Thomas Paine, Thomas Paine, 174. 174.43. Ibid., 175.

CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN: CINCINNATUS.

1. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 317. 317.2. WWR, WWR,543-44. "Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States," November 2, 1783.3. Ibid., 543.4. Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 151. 151.5. Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 34. 34.6. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 22. 22.7. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:478. 2:478.8. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 5:462-63. 5:462-63.9. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 69. 69.10. WWF, WWF,27:254. Letter to Sir Guy Carleton, December 2, 1783.11. Ibid., 27:111. Letter to Samuel Fraunces, August 18, 1783.12. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 85. 85.13. Ibid.14. Ibid.15. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:524. 2:524.16. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 86. 86.17. PWCF, PWCF, 1:195. 1:195.18. Ibid.19. Ibid., 1:196.20. Ibid.21. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 131. 131.22. Ibid., 130.23. Ibid., 107.24. Ibid., 138.25. WWF, WWF, 27:285. 27:285.26. Ibid., 27:286.27. Ibid.28. Ibid., 27:283. Letter to Baron von Steuben, December 23, 1783.29. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:526. 2:526.30. WWR, WWR,547. "Address to Congress on Resigning Commission," December 23, 1783.31. Flexner, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 2:526. 2:526.32. WWR, WWR,548. "Address to Congress on Resigning Commission," December 23, 1783.33. MTV. "Early Descriptions Ante 1800." Letter from Mary Ridout to Anne Tasker Ogle, June 16, 1784.34. Wood, Revolutionary Characters, Revolutionary Characters, 42. 42.35. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 164. 164.36. Kaminski, Great and Good Man, Great and Good Man, 28. 28.37. Evans, Genius of Gilbert Stuart, Genius of Gilbert Stuart, 141. 141.38. Burns and Dunn, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 27. 27.

CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT: AMERICAN CELEBRITY.

1. PWCF, PWCF,1:88. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 1, 1784.2. Ibid., 88.3. Ibid., 1:138. Letter to Henry Knox, February 20, 1784. February 20, 1784.4. Ibid., 1:137-38.5. WWF, WWF, 27:287-88. Letter to Governor George Clinton, December 28, 1783. 27:287-88. Letter to Governor George Clinton, December 28, 1783.6. PWCF, PWCF,1:87-89. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 1, 1784.7. Ibid., 1:121.8. Ibid., 1:123. "To the Citizens of Fredericksburg," ca. February 14, 1784.9. WWR, WWR,552. Letter to Benjamin Harrison, January 18, 1784.10. Ibid.11. Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 147. 147.12. Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 155. 155.13. WWR, WWR,578. Letter to Tench Tilghman, June 2, 1785.14. Thompson, "In the Hands of a Good Providence," "In the Hands of a Good Providence," 9. 9.15. Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 201. 201.16. PWP, PWP, 6:547. Letter to Tobias Lear, October 10, 1790. 6:547. Letter to Tobias Lear, October 10, 1790.17. Fields, "Worthy Partner," "Worthy Partner," 200. 200.18. Unger, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, Unexpected George Was.h.i.+ngton, 141. 141.19. Thompson, Memorandum for the Martha Was.h.i.+ngton Anniversary Committee, Memorandum for the Martha Was.h.i.+ngton Anniversary Committee, 11. 11.20. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas, 172. 172.21. PWCF, PWCF,3:296. Letter to Armand, October 7, 1785.22. Ibid., 1:161. Letter to Fielding Lewis, Jr., February 24, 1784.23. WWR, WWR,555. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, February 1, 1784.24. PWCF, PWCF, 2:253. Letter to Henry Knox 2:253. Letter to Henry Knox, January 5, 1785. January 5, 1785.25.WWF, 27:2. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, June 11, 1783. 27:2. Letter to Lund Was.h.i.+ngton, June 11, 1783.26. Diaries, Diaries,4:255.27. Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 93. 93.28. PWRT, PWRT, 3:112. Letter to Mildred Thornton Was.h.i.+ngton, October 18, 1798. 3:112. Letter to Mildred Thornton Was.h.i.+ngton, October 18, 1798.29. Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 83. 83.30. Diaries, Diaries,4:157. Diary entry for June 30, 1785.31. PWCF, PWCF,3:275. Letter to Benjamin Franklin, September 26, 1785.32. Schiff, Great Improvisation, Great Improvisation, 360. 360.33. DiariesA, DiariesA,300. Diary entry for March 19, 1786.34. MTV. "Early Descriptions Ante 1800." Isaac Weld, Jr., ca. 1796.35. Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 27. 27.36. Ibid., 28.37. Ibid.38. Ibid.39. Ibid.40. Ibid., 31.41. Ibid.42. Cunliffe, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 161. 161.43. Ibid.44. Chinard, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, George Was.h.i.+ngton as the French Knew Him, 86. 86.45. MTV."Early Descriptions Ante 1800."46. Cadou, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, George Was.h.i.+ngton Collection, 240. 240.47. Hervey, Memory of Was.h.i.+ngton, Memory of Was.h.i.+ngton, 88. 88.48. PWCF, PWCF,3:381. Letter to Elizabeth French Dulany, November 23, 1785.49. Brookhiser, Founding Father Founding Father, 47.50. Thompson, "In the Hands of a Good Providence," "In the Hands of a Good Providence," 80. 80.51. PWCF, PWCF,3:63. Letter to Henry Knox, June 18, 1785. June 18, 1785.52. Ibid., 31:71. Letter to Richard Henry Lee, June 22, 1785.53. DiariesA, DiariesA,280. Diary entry for June 8, 1785.54. WWR, WWR,680. Letter to the Marquis de Lafayette, May 28, 1788.55. Ibid., 680-81.56. Ibid., 681.57. WWF, WWF, 27:238. Letter to Lieutenant Bezaleel Howe, November 9, 1783. 27:238. Letter to Lieutenant Bezaleel Howe, November 9, 1783.58. PWCF, PWCF,1:235. Letter to James Craik, March 25, 1784.59. Ibid., 1:178.60. Ibid., 2:415. Letter to John Witherspoon, March 8, 1785.61. Ibid.62. Ibid., 2:332. Letter to Richard Henry Lee, February 8, 1785.63. Ibid., 2:253. Letter to Henry Knox, January 5, 1785. 6 4 . Ibid. January 5, 1785. 6 4 . Ibid.65. Grizzard, George!, George!, 154. 154.66. WWR, WWR, 580. Letter to David Humphreys, July 25, 1785. 580. Letter to David Humphreys, July 25, 1785.67. Ibid.68. Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 54. 54.69. WWR, WWR,579-80. Letter to David Humphreys, July 25, 1785.70. PWCF, PWCF,3:547. Letter to Benjamin Lincoln, February 6, 1786.71. Brady, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 151. 151.

CHAPTER THIRTY-NINE: GENTLEMAN FARMER.

1. Diaries, Diaries,4:184. Diary entry for August 18, 1785.2. WWF, WWF, 27: 305. Letter to Clement Biddle, January 17, 1784. 27: 305. Letter to Clement Biddle, January 17, 1784.3. DiariesA, DiariesA,275.4. Lee, Experiencing Mount Vernon, Experiencing Mount Vernon, 34. 34.5. Ibid., 52.6. WWF, WWF, 27:298. Letter to Samuel Vaughan, January 14, 1784. 27:298. Letter to Samuel Vaughan, January 14, 1784.7. Freeman, George Was.h.i.+ngton, George Was.h.i.+ngton, 6:44. 6:44.8. Ibid.9. Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, Diary of William Maclay, 258. 258.10. WWF, WWF,21:248. Letter to James Duane, February 19, 1781.11. Weintraub, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, General Was.h.i.+ngton's Christmas Farewell, 115. 115.12. DiariesA, DiariesA,250. Diary entry for September 12, 1784.13. PWCF, PWCF,2:78. Letter to Thomas Freeman, September 23, 1784.14. Ibid., 2:119. Letter to Jacob Read, November 3,1784.15. DiariesA, DiariesA,252.16. Unger, Lafayette, Lafayette, 260. 260.17. DiariesA, DiariesA,251. D