A History of Rome During the Later Republic and Early Principate Part 37

[1059] Sall. _Jug_. 64. 5.

[1060] Ibid. 65. 1 Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Unmade quidam nomine Gauda, Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum heredem scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum inminuta.

[1061] Turmam equitum Romanorum (Ibid. 65. 2). It appears, therefore, that _equites equo publico_, although seldom (if ever) used as cavalry at this time, still formed the escort of generals or princes.

[1062] Equites Romanos, milites et negotiatores (Sall. _Jug_. 65. 4).

[1063] Sall. _Jug_. 66. 3.

[1064] Ibid. 67.

[1065] Sall. _Jug_. 67. 3 Turpilius praefectus unus ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit. Id misericordiane hospitis an pactione an casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus: nisi, quia illi in tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, inprobus intestabilisque videtur.

[1066] Ibid. 68. 1.

[1067] Ibid. 68. 4 Equites in primo late, pedites quam artissume ire et signa occultare jubet.

[1068] Plut. _Mar_. 8 outos gar ho anaer aen men ek poteron xenos toi Metello kai tote taen epi ton tektonon echon archaen synestrateue.

[1069] Plut. l.c.

[1070] Plut. l.c.

[1071] Sall. _Jug_. 69. 4 Turpilius ... condemnatus verberatusque capite poenas solvit: nam is civis e Latio erat. If the last words mean that Turpilius was a Latin, they may show that the law of Drusus (p. 242), if pa.s.sed, was no longer respected. If they mean that he was a Roman citizen from a Latin town, they ill.u.s.trate this law. Appian (_Num_. 3) says that Turpilius was a Roman ([Greek: _andra Rhomaion_]).

[1072] Sall. _Jug_. 70.

[1073] Proinde reputaret c.u.m animo suo, praemia an cruciatum mallet (Sall. _Jug_. 70. 6).

[1074] Sall. _Jug_. 72.

[1075] Ibid. 73.

[1076] Meinel (_Zur Chronologie des Jugurth. Krieges p. 13_) thinks that the consular elections of 108 did not take place before the winter, and that they may even have drifted over into the following year.

[1077] Plut, _Mar_. 8.

[1078] Plut. l.c. It is possible that this story and that of Sall.u.s.t (_Jug_. 63 see p. 410) about the sacrifice at Utica belong to the same incident. But it is not probable. A man such as Marius would often approach a favourite shrine.

[1079] Liv. _Ep_. lxv.

[1080] [Victor] _de Vir. Ill_. 72; Ammian. xxvii. 3. 9.

[1081] The _via Aemilia_ ([Victor] l.c.; Strabo v. 1. 11).

[1082] Plut. _Quaest. Rom_. 50.

[1083] Plut. _Mar_. 8.

[1084] Sall. _Jug_. 73. 6 Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. The labours, from which the _agrestes_ were drawn, may have been those of early spring, if the elections were delayed until the early part of 107 B.C. (See p. 420, Meinel l.c.)

[1085] Ibid. 73. 7 Sed paulo _ante senatus Metello Numidiam_ decreverat: ea res frustra fuit. The words in italics are not given by the good ma.n.u.scripts; they are perhaps an interpolation drawn from ch.

62. See Summers in loc. It is possible that some mention of the provinces which the senate had decreed to the new consuls stood here.

Mommsen (_Hist. of Rome_ bk. iv. c. 4) thinks that the pa.s.sage may have contained a statement that the senate had destined Gaul and Italy for the consuls.

[1086] Sall. _Fug_. 85.

[1087] Ibid. 85. 12 Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti sunt, et acta majorum et Graecorum militaria praecepta legere coeperint--praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.

[1088] Ibid. 84. 2.

[1089] Polyb. vi. 19.2.

[1090] According to Gellius (xvi. 10, 10) 375 a.s.ses:--Qui ... nullo aut perquam parvo aere censebantur, "capite censi" vocabantur, extremus autem census capite censorum aeris fuit trecentis septuaginta quinque.

But this decline from the Polybian census seems incredibly rapid.

Perhaps the figure should be 3,750--one closely resembling that given by Polybius. Cf. p. 61.

[1091] Cf. Liv. x. 21 (cited by Ihne _Rom. Gesch_. v. p. 154) Senatus ... delectum omnis generis hominum haberi jussit. See also Gell.

l.c. 13. Polybius vi. 19. 3, according to Casaubon's reading (p. 135), cannot be cited in ill.u.s.tration of this point.

[1092] Sall. _Jug_. 86 2 Ipse interea milites scribere, non more majorum neque ex cla.s.sibus, sed uti cujusque lubido erat, capite censos plerosque. Val. Max. ii. 3. 1 Fastidiosum dilectus genus in exercitibus Romanis oblitterandum duxit. Cf. Florus i. 36 (iii. 1). 13. The tradition preserved by Plutarch (_Mar. 9_) that Marius enrolled slaves as well ([Greek: _polyn ton aporon kai doulon katagraphon_]), is apparently an echo from the time of the civil wars. Plutarch may mean men of servile birth and, though it is noted that freedmen were not employed even on occasional service until 90 B.C. (App. _Bell. Civ_. i.

49), yet it is possible that Marius's hasty levy may have swept in some men of this standing. But after, as before the time of Marius, free-birth (_ingenuitas_) continued to be a necessary qualification for service in the legions.

[1093] Sall. _Jug_. 86. 3.

[1094] Sall. _Jug_. 86. 3.

[1095] Sall. _Jug_. 74. 1.

[1096] Ibid. 74. 2.

[1097] Ibid. 75. 1. There are two Thalas in Numidia. The one with which we are here concerned is believed to be that lying east of Capsa (Khafsa), not that near Ammaedara (the latter is probably the Thala of Tac. _Ann_. iii. 21). Its identification was due to Pelissier who visited the site. It has one of the characteristics mentioned by Sall.u.s.t, for the existing ruins are situated in a region dest.i.tute of water except for one neighbouring fountain. The river from which the Romans drew water and filled their vessels might be the one now called the Wad Lebem or Leben--the only one in this part of Tunis which does not run dry even in summer. The ruins are of small extent and unimposing, but this feature agrees with the statement of Strabo (xvii.

3. 12) that Thala was one of the towns blotted out by continuous wars in Africa. It was, therefore, not restored by the Romans. It has been doubted whether the name Thala is a proof of the ident.i.ty of the site with that described by Sall.u.s.t, since Pelissier says (_Rev. Arch_. 1847, p. 399) that the place is surrounded by a grove of trees, of the kind known as _mimosa gummifera_ and called _thala_ by the Arabs. The ruins may have drawn their name from these trees. See Wilmanns in C.I.L.

viii. p. 28 and cf. Tissot _Geogr. comp_. ii. p. 635.

[1098] Sall. _Jug_. 75. 9.

[1099] Sall. _Jug_. 76. 3 Deinde locis ex copia maxume idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere et super aggerem inpositis turribus opus et administros tutari.

[1102] The name appears on coins in Punic letters as L B Q I (Movers _Die Phonizer_ II 2. p. 486; Muller _Numismatique de l'Afrique_ II p.

10). Greek writers also call it Neapolis, probably because it was not far from an older town at the mouth of the Cinyps (the Wad Mghar-el-Ghrin), although others hold that this name designated a particular quarter of the town. The three cities of the Syrtis--Sabrata, Oea and Leptis--were called Tripolis, but do not seem to have been politically connected with one another. Leptis had been stipendiary to Carthage (Liv. x.x.xiv. 62) and had subsequently been occupied by Masinissa (Liv. l.c.; cf. App. _Lib_. 106). But the occupation was not permanent or effective. Sall.u.s.t notes (_Jug_. 78) that its situation had enabled it to escape Numidian influence.

[1101] Sall. _Jug_. 77. 3.

[1102] Ibid. 80. 1.

[1103] Forbiger _Handb. der alt. Geogr_. ii. p. 885.