The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 254

INDO-GERMANIC, a term at one time employed especially among German writers, synonymous with Aryan.

INDORE, 1, a native princ.i.p.ality (1,094), in Central India, somewhat larger than Wales, embraces the Vindbya and Satpura Mountains, and is traversed by the Nerbudda River; there are great forests on the mountains; the valley of the river is fertile; wheat, sugar, cotton, tobacco, and large quant.i.ties of opium are raised; the climate is sultry, and at certain seasons unhealthy; the natives are chiefly Mahratta Hindus; among the hills are Bhils and Gonds, the wildest tribes of India; the State is governed by a Maharajah styled Holkar, under supervision of an agent of the Governor-General; education is progressing. INDORE, 2, on the Kuthi River, the capital (92), is a poor city of brick and mud; the palace and the British residency, however, are fine buildings; it is connected by rail with Bombay, distant 400 m. SW., and with Ajmere; it was the scene of a British ma.s.sacre in 1857.

INDRA, the king of heaven and national G.o.d of the Aryans; gives victory to his people, and is always ready to aid them; he is pre-eminently a warlike G.o.d, and as he stands on his war-chariot, drawn by five fawn-coloured horses, he is in a sort the type of an Aryan chieftain; he is sometimes a.s.sisted by other G.o.ds, but he more frequently fights alone; he is the dispenser, moreover, of all good gifts, and the author and preserver of all living; his power extends over the heavens, and he holds the earth in the hollow of his hand.

INDUCTION, the name given to the logical process by which from a study of particular instances we arrive at a general principle or law.

The term is also applied to an electric or magnetic effect produced without direct contact and equal to the cause, being essentially its reproduction.

INDULGENCE, remission by Church authority of the guilt of a sin on the penitent confession of the sinner to a priest, which, according to Roman Catholic theology, the Church is enabled to dispense out of the inexhaustible treasury in reserve of the merits of Christ.

INDUS, a great river of India, 1800 m. long; rises in Thibet, on the N. of the Himalayas, flows NW. through Cashmere, then SW. through the Punjab and Sind to the sea; its upper course is through great gorges and very rapid, but after the entrance of the Kabul River its way lies through arid plains, and it is navigable; after receiving the Panjnad its volume decreases through evaporation and the sinking of some of the many streams into which it divides in the sand; on one of the branches of the delta stands the thriving port of Kurrachee.

INERTIA, that property of bodies by which they remain in a state of rest or of motion in a straight line till disturbed by a force moving them in the one case or arresting them in the other.

INEZ DE CASTRO. See CASTRO.

INFALLIBILITY, freedom from all error in the past and from all possibility of error in the future as claimed by the Church of Rome. This claim extends to all matters of faith, morals, and discipline in the Church, and is based on an interpretation of Matt. xvi. 18, xxviii. 19; Eph. iv. 11-16, and other pa.s.sages. It is held that the Church is incapable of embracing any false doctrine from whatever quarter suggested, and that she is guided by the Divine Spirit in actively opposing heresy, in teaching all necessary truth, and in deciding all relative matters of controversy. Infallibility is not claimed in connection with matters of fact, science, or general opinion. The seat of infallibility has been much disputed even in the Roman Catholic Church itself, and the infallibility of the Pope was only decreed so recently as the Vatican Council in 1870. It was always agreed that where the Pope and Bishops were unanimous they were infallible, and their unanimity might be expressed either in a general council, or in a decree of a local council tacitly accepted by the Pope and the rest of the Church, or even in a decree of the Pope alone if the bishops either expressly or tacitly affirmed it. But the Vatican Council decided "that when the Roman Pontiff speaks _ex cathedra_--that is, when he, using his office as pastor and doctor of all Christians, in virtue of his apostolic office, defines a doctrine of faith and morals to be held by the whole Church--he by the Divine a.s.sistance, promised to him by the blessed Peter, possesses that infallibility with which the Divine Redeemer was pleased to invest His Church in the definition of doctrine in faith or morals, and that therefore such definitions of the Roman Pontiff are irreformable in their own nature and not because of the consent of the Church." The Greek Church puts forward a moderate claim to _inerrancy_, holding that as a matter of fact those councils which she regards as oec.u.menical have not erred in their decrees affecting faith and morals.

INFANTE, INFANTA, the t.i.tles given respectively to the royal princes and princesses of Spain and Portugal.

INFERI, the name given by the Latins to the nether world and the G.o.ds of it.

INFERNO, the h.e.l.l of Dante, represented as included in nine circles, of which the first six, const.i.tuting the uppermost h.e.l.l, are occupied by those who cannot govern themselves yet have no mind to harm any one else, of which the seventh, const.i.tuting the mid-h.e.l.l, is occupied by those who cannot govern their thoughts, and of which the eighth and ninth, const.i.tuting the nether h.e.l.l, are occupied by those who have wilfully done harm to other people, those in the eighth in hot blood and those in the ninth or lowest in cold blood, the former in pa.s.sion and the latter without pa.s.sion, far down _below_ the freezing-point. See Ruskin's "Fors Clavigera," more fully, and by way of authority for this.

INFLECTION, the name given to the changes in the end of words to indicate relations, not so common in English--being usually expressed among us by prepositions--as in Latin, Greek, and other languages, but occurring in English as king's, mine, ours, to indicate possession; inflection in nouns is called declension, and in verbs conjugation.

INFLUENZA, an epidemic disease, closely resembles, but is quite distinct from, cold in the head. It is characterised by early and marked debility and depression; though usually of short duration, attacks must not be disregarded; fatal results often ensue on carelessness.

Convalescence is slow, and complications may ensue. The cause of the malady is obscure; sporadic cases always occur, but from time to time great epidemics of this disease have travelled westward over the world.

Their movement seems to depend on atmospheric conditions, but is independent of the season of the year and often contrary to the direction of the wind. Visitations occurred in Britain in 1837-38, 1847-48, and 1889-91.

INFRALAPSARIANS, those Calvinists who believe that election and predestination are subsequent to the Fall, while the Supralapsarians believe that these ordinations are as old as eternity.

INFUSORIA, a name given to certain cla.s.ses of animalculae engendered in stagnant water infused with decaying organic matter.

INGELOW, JEAN, poetess and novelist, born at Boston, Lincolns.h.i.+re, died at Kensington; her earliest work appeared anonymously, but a volume of verses under her name was successful in 1863; her poetry is chiefly religious and devotional; later she wrote for children; subsequently she turned to novels, and produced besides several others "Off the Skelligs"

in 1872; she will be remembered for her ballad "High Tide on the Coast of Lincolns.h.i.+re," and a song "Supper at the Mill" (1820-1897).

INGEMANN, BERNHARD SEVERIN, a Danish poet and novelist; in the latter regard took Scott for his model, his subjects being historical; was a man of varied literary ability (1789-1862).

INGLEBY, CLEMENT MANSFIELD, Shakespearian scholar, born near Birmingham, pa.s.sed from Cambridge, where he graduated in 1847, to practise as a solicitor, but abandoned law for literature in 1859; his early works were of a philosophical nature, but he is best known as the author of a long series of works on Shakespearian subjects, of which "The Shakespeare Fabrications" was the first and "Shakespeare: the Man and the Book" the chief; he was a Vice-President of the Royal Society of Literature (1823-1886).

INGLESANT, JOHN, a celebrated romance by J. H. Shorthouse.

INGLIS, SIR JAMES, a Fifes.h.i.+re gentleman, who in the reign of James IV. distinguished himself against the English and was knighted; author of "Complaint of Scotland"; _d_. 1554.

INGLIS, SIR JOHN, English general; entered the army at 19, served in Canada in 1837; was sent to India, and distinguished himself in the Punjab in 1848; at the outbreak of the Mutiny was stationed at Lucknow, where he heroically defended the residency for 87 days till the relief of the city by Havelock and Outram (1814-1862).

INGLIS, SIR ROBERT HARRY, Conservative statesman, opposed every Liberal measure of the period, from that of Catholic Emanc.i.p.ation to the Abolition of the Corn Laws (1786-1855).

INGOLDSBY, THOMAS, the pseudonym of REV. RICHARD BARHAM (q. v.), author of "Ingoldsby Legends," a collection of humorous tales in verse.

INGOLSTADT (16), a Bavarian town and fortress on the Danube, 50 m.

N. of Munich, has many ancient a.s.sociations; once the seat of a university; its manufactures now are beer, cannon, gunpowder; salt is mined in the vicinity.

INGRAHAM, JOSEPH HOLT, author of "The Prince of the House of David,"

born at Portland, Maine; after some years spent at sea, became a teacher of languages in Mississippi, and was ordained Episcopal clergyman in 1855; prior to his ordination he wrote stories of adventure, "Captain Kyd," &c., but subsequently confined himself to biblical subjects (1809-1860).

INGRES, JEAN DOMINIQUE AUGUSTE, a great French painter, born at Montauban; studied in Paris; in 1806 went to Rome, and 14 years after to Florence, but became professor of Fine Arts at the Academy in Paris in 1824; wounded by hostile criticisms he left Paris for Rome again in 1834, where he became Director of the French Academy in Rome; in 1841 he returned to Paris, where he died; he followed his master David in his choice of cla.s.sical subjects, but his work met with varied reception, now favourable, now the reverse; the "Portrait of Cherubini," and other pictures, however, won for him great admiration in his later days; he was made a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour (1781-1867).

INGULPH, abbot of Croyland, long credited with the authors.h.i.+p of a history of the monastery, which has since been proved to be a fabrication of a later date, of probably the 13th or 14th century; he was appointed abbot in 1080; _d_. 1109.

INKERMANN, a small Tartar village E. of Sebastopol harbour; the scene of a battle between the Russians and allied forces, to the defeat of the former after a prolonged struggle on 5th November 1854.

INNER TEMPLE. See INNS OF COURT.

INNES, COSMO, lawyer and antiquary, born at Durris, of an old Scotch family; professor of History in Edinburgh University; author of "Scotland in the Middle Ages," "Lectures on Scotch Legal Antiquities," and "Sketches of Early Scotch History" (1798-1874).

INNES, THOMAS (FATHER INNES) Scotch historian, born in Aberdeens.h.i.+re, educated at Paris; became a priest in 1692; after three years' service in Banffs.h.i.+re he returned to Paris, where he held a scholastic appointment till his death; in politics a Jacobite, in religious matters he had leanings to the Jansenist heresy; a diligent student of Scottish history, he produced the earliest scientific Scoto-historical works; his "Critical Essay on the Ancient Inhabitants of Scotland" and "Civil and Ecclesiastical History of Scotland"