The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 255

(unfinished), display honesty and penetration (1662-1744).

INNISFAIL, an ancient name of Ireland.

INNOCENT, the name of 13 popes: INNOCENT I., Pope from 402 to 417; INNOCENT II., pope from 1130 to 1143; INNOCENT III., Pope from 1198 to 1216; INNOCENT IV., Pope from 1243 to 1254; INNOCENT V., Pope in 1276; INNOCENT VI., Pope from 1352 to 1362, resided at Avignon; INNOCENT VII., Pope from 1404 to 1406; INNOCENT VIII., Pope from 1484 to 1492; INNOCENT IX., Pope in 1591; INNOCENT X., Pope from 1644 to 1655, condemned Jansenism; INNOCENT XI., Pope from 1676 to 1689; INNOCENT XII., Pope from 1691 to 1700; INNOCENT XIII., Pope from 1721 to 1724; of these there were two of note.

INNOCENT III., the greatest of the name, born in Arragon; succeeded Celestine III.; extended the territorial power of the Church, and made nearly all Christendom subject to its sway; essayed the recovery of Palestine, and promoted a crusade against the Albigenses; excommunicated Otto IV., emperor of Germany; put England under an interdict, and deposed King John; was zealous for the purity as well as supremacy of the Church, and countenanced every movement that contributed to enhance its influence and stereotype its beliefs as well as its forms of wors.h.i.+p, transubstantiation among the one and auricular confession among the other; though harsh, and even cruel, to those whom he conceived to be the enemies of the faith, he was personally a man of blameless life, and did much to reform the morals of the clergy.

INNOCENT XI., succeeded Clement X., is celebrated for his contest with Louis XIV., and as giving occasion thereby to a protest of the Gallican clergy, and a declaration on their part of what is known as the GALLICAN LIBERTIES (q. v.), and for a further contest he had with Louis in regard to certain immunities claimed, to the scandal of the Church, by foreign amba.s.sadors residing in Rome, an interference which Louis resented on behalf of his representatives among them, but, as it happened in vain.

INNOCENTS, THE HOLY, FEAST OF, a festival celebrated in the Western Church on the 28th December and in the Eastern on the 29th, to commemorate the slaughter by Herod of the children at Bethlehem from two years old and under, and who have from the earliest times been included among the holy martyrs of the Church.

INNS OF COURT, are four voluntary societies--Lincoln's Inn, the Inner and the Middle Temple, and Gray's Inn--with whom rests the exclusive right to call men to the English bar; they provide lectures and hold examinations in law, and they have discretionary powers to refuse admission to the bar or to expel and disqualify persons of unsuitable character from it; each Inn possesses considerable property, a dining hall, library, and chapel, and is subject to the jurisdiction of an irresponsible, self-elective body of Benchers, who are usually judges or senior counsel; these societies originated in the 13th century, when the practice of law pa.s.sed out of the hands of the clergy.

INNSBRUCK (23), on the Inn, at the head of the Brenner Pa.s.s, 100 m.

S. of Munich; is the capital of the Austrian Tyrol, an ancient and beautiful town, rich in art treasures, with a university and manufactures of woollen cloth, gla.s.s ware, and stained gla.s.s.

INO, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, the wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, who was changed into a sea-deity as she fled for refuge from her husband, who had gone raving mad and sought her life.

INOCULATION is the introduction of disease germs into the system, usually by puncture of the skin or hypodermic injection; many diseases so introduced a.s.sume a mild form, and render the subject not liable to the severe form. Inoculation for smallpox, the virus being taken from actual smallpox pustules, was practised by the ancient Brahmans and by the Chinese 600 years before Christ, and its practice continued in the East.

It was introduced to this country from Turkey in 1717, and extensively practised until superseded by Jenner's discovery of vaccination at the end of the century, and finally prohibited by law in 1840. Inoculation has been found successful in the prevention of other diseases, notably anthrax, hydrophobia, and recently malaria.

INQUISITION, an ecclesiastical tribunal established in 1248 under Pope Innocent IV., and set up successively in Italy, Spain, Germany, and the S. of France, for the trial and punishment of heretics, of which that established in Spain achieved the greatest notoriety from the number of victims it sacrificed, and the remorseless tortures to which they were subjected, both when under examination to extort confession and after conviction. The rigour of its action began to abate in the 17th century, but it was not till 1835, after frequent attempts to limit its power and suppress it, that it was abolished in Spain. Napoleon suppressed it in France in 1808, and after an attempted revival from 1814 to 1820, its operations there came to an end. ST. DOMINIC (q. v.) has the credit of having invented the inst.i.tution by the zeal which animated him for the orthodoxy of the Church.

INSANITY. See INSPIRATION.

INSPIRATION, an earnest, divinely-awakened, soul-subduing sense and perception of the presence of the invisible in the visible, of the infinite in the finite, of the ideal in the real, of the divine in the human, and, in ecstatic moments, of very G.o.d in man, accompanied with a burning desire to impart to others the vision revealed; distinguished as "seraphic" from insanity as "demonic" by this, that the inspired man sees an invisible which is there, and the insane an invisible which is _not_ there, states of mind so like otherwise that the one may be, and often is, mistaken for the other, the inspired man taken for an insane, and the insane man for an inspired.

INSPIRATION OF THE SCRIPTURES. According to one view the Scriptures are throughout verbally inspired, and every word in them dictated by the Spirit of G.o.d; according to another, though they are not verbally inspired, they contain a record of divine things written under divine inspiration; according to a third, though not written under divine inspiration in any part, they contain a faithful record of a divine revelation; and according to a fourth, they contain a record merely of what a succession of G.o.d-fearing men in sympathy with each other and their race saw and felt to be the clear purpose of G.o.d in His providence of the world.

INSPIRED IDIOT, Horace Walpole's name for Oliver Goldsmith.

INSt.i.tUTE OF FRANCE was established by the Directory in 1795, to take the place of the four academies suppressed by the Convention two years previously. In 1816 Louis XVIII. gave back the old names to its four sections, viz. _L'Academie Francaise, L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, L'Academie des Sciences_, and _L'Academie des Beaux Arts_. In 1832 was added _L'Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques_.

Each academy has its own separate organisation and work, and partic.i.p.ates besides in the advantages of the common library, archives, and funds.

Election, which is in every case subject to government confirmation, is by ballot, and every member receives an annual salary of at least 1500 francs. Government votes a sum of money annually to the Inst.i.tute.

Members of the French Academy have special duties and privileges, and in some cases special remuneration. They allot every year prizes for eloquence and poetry; a prize "to the poor Frenchman who has done the most virtuous action throughout the year," and one to the Frenchman "who has written and published the book most conducive to good morals."

Members.h.i.+p in the Academie Francaise is strictly limited to 40 Frenchmen.

The others have, besides, from 40 to 70 members each, also a.s.sociate, foreign and corresponding, members. The Inst.i.tute centralises the pursuit of all branches of knowledge and art, and has been the model of similar national inst.i.tutes in Madrid, Lisbon, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg.

INSt.i.tUTES OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, a celebrated work of Calvin's, in exposition of the doctrines of the French Protestants, hence called Calvinists in France. See CALVIN.

INTAGLIO, name given to a gem with a design incised in the surface.

INTELLECT, the faculty of clear and decisive intelligence, or of instant and sure perception.

INTERLAKEN (2), a small town, a pretty place, on the Aar, in Switzerland, "between the lakes" Thun and Brienz; it is near to some of the finest Swiss scenery, and is a famous health resort, and visited annually by 25,000 tourists.

INTERNATIONAL, THE, a secret socialistic organisation, the outcome of the teaching of Karl Marx, which, though it has changed its name, has wide-spread ramifications throughout Europe, the object of which appears to be the emanc.i.p.ation of labour, and the a.s.sertion everywhere of the sovereign rights of the working-man, to the extinction of all merely national and cla.s.s interests.

INTUITION, a name given to _immediate_ knowledge, as distinct from _mediate_ or inferential knowledge, and which is matter of consciousness or direct perception.

INTUS-SUSCEPTION, a displacement of the bowel, in which a higher portion becomes folded or telescoped into a lower; is a frequent cause of obstruction, and a serious, though not always fatal, condition; the term is also applied to the process by which nutriment is absorbed and becomes part of the system.

INVALIDES, HoTEL DES, an inst.i.tution in Paris, founded by Louis XIV.

in 1674, for retired court servants and invalided soldiers; the church, the nave of which is adorned with military trophies, is surmounted by a majestic dome, under which the remains of Napoleon were deposited in 1840.

INVERARAY, county town of Argylls.h.i.+re, on the NW. sh.o.r.e of Loch Fyne, close to which is the castle, the residence of the Duke of Argyll.

INVERNESS (21), county town of Inverness-s.h.i.+re and capital of the Northern Highlands, is situated on the Ness, near the Moray Firth, amid picturesque surroundings, is rich in interesting memories; has several public inst.i.tutions, several manufactures, and a considerable trade; the inhabitants are distinguished for the purity of their English.

INVERNESS-s.h.i.+RE (90), the largest county in Scotland, stretches from the Moray Firth to the Atlantic, and includes many islands, Skye, the Outer Hebrides (except Lewis), and others; it embraces a large part of the Highlands, is very mountainous, has many glens and lochs, but little fertile land; there are large deer forests, grouse moors, and sheep runs; Ben Nevis, the highest mountain in the British Isles (4406 ft.), is in this county.

INVISIBLE, THE, He who or that which cannot be seen, felt, handled, or even conceived of, and yet who or which _is_, and _alone is_, as no one, as nothing else can be.

IO, in the Greek mythology a daughter of INACHOS (q. v.), beloved by Zeus, whom Hera out of jealousy changed into a heifer and set the hundred-eyed Argus to watch, but when Zeus had by Hermes slain the watcher, Hera sent a gadfly to goad over the world, over which she ranged distractedly till she reached Egypt, where Osiris married her, and was in connection with him wors.h.i.+pped as Isis.

IODINE, a non-metallic element originally obtained from kelp, but now found in South America in combination with sodium, used largely both free and in combination in medicine and surgery, in photography, and in making aniline dyes.

IODOFORM, a crystalline substance similar to chloroform in composition, only in it iodine takes the place of chlorine; it is used in surgery as an antiseptic.