Graded Lessons in English Part 14

For +Written Parsing+, see Lesson 22. Add the needed columns.

+Oral Parsing+.--_Flowers_ is a noun, because----; _preach_ is a verb, because----; _to_ is a _preposition_, because it shows the relation, in sense, between _us_ and _preach;_ _us_ is a p.r.o.noun, because it is used instead of the name of the speaker and the names of those for whom he speaks.

1. The golden lines of sunset glow.

2. A smiling landscape lay before us.

3. Columbus was born at Genoa.

4. The forces of Hannibal were routed by Scipio.

5. The capital of New York is on the Hudson.

6. The s.h.i.+ps sail over the boisterous sea.

7. All names of the Deity should begin with capital letters.

8. Air is composed chiefly of two invisible gases.

9. The greater portion of South America lies between the tropics.

10. The laurels of the warrior must at all times be dyed in blood.

11. The first word of every entire sentence should begin with a capital letter.

12. The subject of a sentence is generally placed before the predicate.

Impromptu Exercise.

(The teacher may find it profitable to make a separate lesson of this exercise.)

Let the teacher write on the board a subject and a predicate that will admit of many modifiers. The pupils are to expand the sentence into as many separate sentences as possible, each containing one apt phrase modifier.

The compet.i.tion is to see who can build the most and the best sentences in a given time. The teacher gathers up the slates and reads the work aloud, or has the pupils exchange slates and read it themselves.

LESSON 35.

COMPOUND SUBJECT AND COMPOUND PREDICATE.

When two or more subjects united by a connecting word have the same predicate, they form a +_Compound Subject;_+ and, when two or more predicates connected in like manner have the same subject, they form a +_Compound Predicate_+.

In the sentence, _Birds and bees can fly_, the two words _birds_ and _bees_, connected by _and_, have the same predicate; the same action is a.s.serted of both birds and bees. In the sentence, _Leaves fade and fall_, two a.s.sertions are made of the same things. In the first sentence, _birds_ and _bees_ form the _compound subject_; and, in the second, _fade_ and _fall_ form the _compound predicate_.

a.n.a.lyze and pa.r.s.e the following sentences.

+Models+.--_Napoleon rose, reigned, and fell_.

_Frogs, antelopes, and kangaroos can jump_.

rose Frogs ,=,===== ======.=.

/ ' ' Napoleon| / X ' reigned antelopes ' X | can jump ========|==| '======== ==========' |==|========= | and' 'and/ | ' fell kangaroos ' / `-'====== =========='='

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--The short line following the subject line represents the entire predicate, and is supposed to be continued in the three horizontal lines that follow, each of which represents one of the parts of the _compound predicate_. These three lines are united by dotted lines, which stand for the connecting words. The +X+ denotes that an _and_ is understood.

Study this explanation carefully, and you will understand the other diagram.

+Oral a.n.a.lysis+ of the first sentence.

This is a sentence, because ----; _Napoleon_ is the subject, because ----; _rose_, _reigned_, and _fell_ form the _compound predicate_, because they belong in common to the same subject, and say something about Napoleon.

_And_ connects _reigned_ and _fell_.

1. The Rhine and the Rhone rise in Switzerland.

2. Time and tide wait for no man.

3. Was.h.i.+ngton and Lafayette fought for American Independence.

4. Wild birds shrieked, and fluttered on the ground.

5. The mob raged and roared.

6. The seasons came and went.

7. Pride, poverty, and fas.h.i.+on cannot live in the same house.

8. The tables of stone were cast to the ground and broken.

9. Silver or gold will be received in payment.

10. Days, months, years, and ages will circle away.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

What is a phrase? A phrase modifying a subject is equivalent to what?

Ill.u.s.trate. A phrase modifying a predicate is equivalent to what?

Ill.u.s.trate.

What are prepositions? What do you understand by a compound subject?

Ill.u.s.trate. What do you understand by a compound predicate? Ill.u.s.trate.

LESSON 36.

CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.

The words _and_ and _or_, used in the preceding Lesson to connect the nouns and the verbs, belong to a cla.s.s of words called +_Conjunctions_+.

Conjunctions may also connect _words_ used as _modifiers;_ as,

A daring _but_ foolish feat was performed.

They may connect phrases; as,

We shall go to Saratoga _and_ to Niagara.

They may connect _clauses_, that is, expressions that, standing alone, would be sentences; as,

He must increase, _but_ I must decrease.

+DEFINITION.--A _Conjunction_, is a word used to connect words, phrases, or clauses+.

The +_Interjection_+ is the eighth and last _part of speech_. Interjections are mere exclamations, and are without grammatical relation to any other word in the sentence.