Graded Lessons in English Part 15

+DEFINITION.--An _Interjection_ is a word used to express strong or sudden feeling+.

Examples:--

Bravo! hurrah! pis.h.!.+ hus.h.!.+ ha, ha! alas! hail! lo! pshaw!

a.n.a.lyze and pa.r.s.e the following sentences.

+Model+.--_Hurrah! that cool and fearless fireman has rushed into the house and up the burning stairs_.

Hurrah ------

fireman | has rushed ===================|======================= That and | and ..... ........ up cool fearless into stairs ---------- house the burning ------ the

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--The line representing the interjection is not connected with the diagram. Notice the dotted lines, one standing for the _and_ which connects the two _word_ modifiers; the other, for the _and_ connecting the two _phrase_ modifiers.

+Written Parsing+.

N. Pro. Adj. Vb. Adv. Prep. Conj. Int.

| | | | | | | fireman | | the | has rushed | | into | and | hurrah house | | that | | | up | and | stairs | | cool | | | | | | | fearless | | | | | | | burning | | | | |

+Oral Parsing+ of the _conjunction_ and the _interjection_.

The two _ands_ are conjunctions, because they _connect_. The first connects two word modifiers; the second, two phrase modifiers. _Hurrah_ is an _interjection_, because it expresses a burst of sudden feeling.

1. The small but courageous band was finally overpowered.

2. Lightning and electricity were identified by Franklin.

3. A complete success or an entire failure was antic.i.p.ated.

4. Good men and bad men are found in all communities.

5. Vapors rise from the ocean and fall upon the land.

6. The Revolutionary war began at Lexington and ended at Yorktown.

7. Alas! all hope has fled.

8. Ah! I am surprised at the news.

9. Oh! we shall certainly drown.

10. Pshaw! you are dreaming.

11. Hurrah! the field is won.

LESSON 37.

PUNCTUATION AND CAPITAL LETTERS.

+COMMA--RULE.--Phrases that are placed out of their natural order [Footnote: A phrase in its natural order follows the word it modifies.] and made emphatic, or that are loosely connected with the rest of the sentence, should be set off by the comma+.

PUNCTUATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

+Model+.--The cable, _after many failures_, was successfully laid. Upon the platform 'twixt eleven and twelve I'll visit you. To me this place is endeared by many a.s.sociations. Your answers with few exceptions have been correctly given. In English much depends on the placing of phrases.

+COMMA--RULE.--Words or phrases connected by conjunctions are separated from each other by the comma unless all the conjunctions are expressed+.

PUNCTUATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

+Model+.--Caesar _came, saw, and conquered_.

Caesar _came and saw and conquered_.

He travelled in _England, in Scotland, and in Ireland_.

(The comma is used in the first sentence, because a conjunction is omitted; but not in the second, as all the conjunctions are expressed.)

A brave prudent and honorable man was chosen.

Augustus Tiberius Nero and Vespasian were Roman emperors.

Through rainy weather across a wild country over muddy roads after a long ride we came to the end of our journey.

+PERIOD and CAPITAL LETTER--RULE.--_Abbreviations_ generally begin with capital letters and are always followed by the period+.

CORRECT THE FOLLOWING ERRORS.

+Model.--+_Mr., Esq., N. Y., P. M_.

gen, a m, mrs, no, u s a, n e, eng, p o, rev, prof, dr, gram, capt, coi, co, va, conn.

+EXCLAMATION POINT--RULE.--All _exclamatory expressions_ must be followed by the exclamation point+.

PUNCTUATE THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS.

+Model.--+_Ah! Oh! Zounds! Stop pinching!_

Pshaw, whew, alas, ho Tom, halloo Sir, good-bye, welcome.

LESSON 38.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

+To the Teacher.--+Call attention to the agreement of verbs with compound subjects. Require the pupils to justify the verb-forms in Lesson 36 and elsewhere. See Notes, pp. 165-167.

Write _predicates_ for the following _compound subjects_.

Snow and hail; leaves and branches; a soldier or a sailor; London and Paris.

Write _compound predicates_ for the following _subjects_.

The sun; water; fish; steamboats; soap; farmers; fences; clothes.

Write _subjects_ for the following _compound predicates_.