Higher Lessons in English Part 52

6. If a slave's lungs breathe our air, that moment he is free.

7. If wishes were horses, all beggars might ride.

8. Who knows if one of the Pleiads is really missing? [Footnote: Many grammarians say that _if_ here is improperly used for _whether_. But this use of _if_ is common with good authors in early and in modern English.]

9. If the flights of Dryden are higher, Pope continues longer on the wing.

+Lest+ may connect a clause expressing +purpose+, or it may introduce a +noun+ clause.

10. England fears lest Russia may endanger British rule in India.

11. Watch and pray lest ye enter into temptation.

+Since+ may connect a clause expressing +time+, +cause+, or +evidence+.

12. It must be raining, since men are carrying umbrellas.

13. Many thousand years have gone by since the Pyramids were built.

14. Since the Puritans could not be convinced, they were persecuted.

LESSON 105.

CONNECTIVES--CONTINUED.

a.n.a.lysis.

+Direction+.--_Tell what kinds of clauses follow the connectives below, and what are the usual connectives of such clauses, and then a.n.a.lyze the sentences_:--

+That+ may connect a +noun+ clause, an +adjective+ clause, or a clause expressing +degree+, +cause+, or +purpose+.

1. The Pharisee thanked G.o.d that he was not like other men.

2. Vesuvius threw its lava so far that Herculaneum and Pompeii were buried.

3. The smith plunges his red-hot iron into water that he may harden the metal.

4. Socrates said that he who might be better employed was idle.

5. We never tell our secrets to people that pump for them.

+When+ may connect a clause expressing +time+, +cause+, or +condition+, an +adjective+ clause or a +noun+ clause, or it may connect +co-ordinate+ clauses.

6. The Aztecs were astonished when they saw the Spanish horses.

7. November is the month when the deer sheds its horns.

8. When the future is uncertain, make the most of the present.

9. When the five great European races left Asia is a question.

10. When judges accept bribes, what may we expect from common people?

11. The dial inst.i.tuted a formal inquiry, when hands, wheels, and weights protested their innocence.

+Where+ may connect a clause expressing +place+, an +adjective+ clause, or a +noun+ clause.

12. No one knows the place where Moses was buried.

13. Where Moses was buried is still a question.

14. No one has been where Moses was buried.

+While+ may connect a clause expressing +time+ or +concession+, or it may connect +co-ordinate+ clauses.

15. Napoleon was a genius, while Wellington was a man of talents.

16. While we sleep, the body is rebuilt.

17. While Charles I. had many excellent traits, he was a bad king.

LESSON 106.

CONNECTIVES--CONTINUED.

a.n.a.lysis.

+Direction+.--_Use the appropriate connectives, and change these compound sentences to complex without changing the meaning, and then a.n.a.lyze them_:--

(Let one dependent clause be an adjective clause; let three express cause; five, condition; and two, concession.)

1. Caesar put the proffered crown aside, but he would fain have had it.

2. Take away honor and imagination and poetry from war, and it becomes carnage.

3. His crime has been discovered, and he must flee.

4. You must eat, or you will die.

5. Wisdom is the princ.i.p.al thing, therefore get wisdom.

6. Let but the commons hear this testament, and they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds.

7. Men are carrying umbrellas; it is raining.

8. Have ye brave sons? look in the next fierce brawl to see them die.

9. The Senate knows this, the Consul sees it, and yet the traitor lives.

10. Take away the grandeur of his cause, and Was.h.i.+ngton is a rebel instead of the purest of patriots.

11. The diamond is a sparkling gem, and it is pure carbon.

+Direction+.--_Two of the dependent clauses below express condition, and three express concession. Place an appropriate conjunction before each, and then a.n.a.lyze the sentences_:--

12. Should we fail, it can be no worse for us.

13. Had the Plantagenets succeeded in France, there would never have been an England.

14. Were he my brother, I could do no more for him.

15. Were I so disposed, I could not gratify the reader.

16. Were I [Admiral Nelson] to die this moment, _more frigates_ would be found written on my heart.

LESSON 107.

CONSTRUCTION OF CONNECTIVES.

+Caution+.--Some conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs may stand in correlation with other words. _And_ may be accompanied by _both_; _as_, by _as_, by _so_, or by _such_; _but_ (_but also_ and _but likewise_), by _not only_; _if_, by _then_; _nor_, by _neither_; _or_, by _either_ or by _whether_; _that_, by _so_; _the_, by _the_; _though_, by _yet_; _when_, by _then_; and _where_, by _there_.

Be careful that the right words stand in correlation, and stand where they belong.

+Examples+.--Give me neither riches _nor_ (not _or_) poverty. I cannot find either my book _or_ (not _nor_) my hat. Dogs not only bark (not _not only dogs_ bark) but also bite. _Not only dogs_ (not _dogs not only_) bark but wolves also. He _was neither_ (not _neither was_) rich nor poor.