The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 63

Elias and enters Prince William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka, 33. =Bib.=: Bancroft, _History of the North-West Coast_.

=Quakers.= =S= Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. =Hd= Of Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. =Bk= Emigration of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.

=Quebec Act, 1774.= Provided that the boundaries of the province of Quebec in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the Ohio to the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's Bay Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of their religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of England, and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited powers. =Index=: =E= Guarantees inst.i.tutions of French Canada, 24. =Dr= Introduced in House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives offence to older colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman Catholics and establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65; pa.s.sed, 65; corporation of London pet.i.tions king to withhold a.s.sent, 69; saves Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into force, 81, 89. =L= Beneficial operation of, 13. =Sy= Its effect in creating cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated by American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. =BL= Its provisions, 2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. =P= Gives French-Canadians long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law, 9; the _magna charta_ of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and history, 11. =Mc= Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. =Hd= Extends Quebec to Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not satisfactory to English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion, saved the country from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of Ursuline nuns, 179; opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264; Haldimand's opinion of, 195; his use of, 273. =Bib.=: Houston, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments of Canada_; Bourinot, _Const.i.tutional History of Canada_; Egerton and Grant, _Canadian Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments_; Bradley, _The Making of Canada_; Lucas, _History of Canada_. _See also_ Dorchester.

=Quebec City.= Founded by Champlain (_q.v._), in 1608. Seventy-three years earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed near the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of Stadacone. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the _Abitation de Quebec_, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it alive, and, though hara.s.sed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland, the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has pa.s.sed through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the great siege of 1759, Levis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and Arnold, 1775-1776. =Index=: =Bk= The centre of society in Canada, 46; defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. =Sy= Charter of, reestablished, 255; change in electoral limits of, 285; two members a.s.signed to, 285. =L= Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92; conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231.

=B= Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election frauds in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186.

=Dr= Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of, improved by Cramahe, 117; attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed, 125-131; garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252, 253. =F= Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to France, 23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences further strengthened, 326. =E= Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. =WM= In 1756, description of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications afforded no protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no effect against enemy's works at Pointe Levis, 113; discouragement of inhabitants, 113; general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves pillage the houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the enemy, the citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of, disorganized, 230; capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over fall of, 238; Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British garrison of, 243. =Ch= Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of settlement at, 167; terms of capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed to Lewis Kirke, 195; English flag hoisted over, 196; names of families remaining at, after surrender, 196; pa.s.ses again under French rule, 224; population in 1629, 208; destructive fire at, 1640, 241. =BL= Boundaries of, for political purposes changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146; aspires to honour of capital, 181; seat of government, 338. =Md= Shares with Toronto the honour of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39; dispute over capital, 77; dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; conference on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105.

=Hd= Besieged by Wolfe, 25; news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended by Murray, 34; Murray lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses St. Maurice forges, 47; government of, 49; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought to, 152; fortifications of, strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187; threatened by French fleet, 188; census of, taken, 190; old customs of, 192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220, 300-304; education in, 233-235; food supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244; rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in, 298; Haldimand sails from, 310; Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_; Le Moine, _Historical Notes on Quebec_; MacPherson, _Reminiscences of Old Quebec_; Hawkins, _Picture of Quebec_; Douglas, _Old France in the New World_; Le Moine, _Quebec Past and Present_; Parker, _Old Quebec_.

=Quebec Committee.= =Sy= Its address to the electors in opposition to the union, 288.

=Quebec Conference, 1864.= To discuss terms of Confederation. =Index=: =C= Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. =B= Division of authority between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary powers, 163-164; const.i.tution of the Senate, 164-165; financial question, 165; resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166; delegates tour Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. =H= Frames scheme of Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. =Md= Meets at Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104; Tache selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105; pa.s.ses seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative _vs._ federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces and Dominion, 110; const.i.tution of Senate, 110-112; question of representation, 112-113. =T= Deals with Intercolonial Railway question, 54; history of, 76-80. =Bib.=: Pope, _Confederation Doc.u.ments_; Cauchon, _Union of the Provinces_; Whelan, _Union of the British Provinces_; Rawlings, _Confederation of the British North American Provinces; Confederation Debates_.

=Quebec General Hospital=. =WM= Care taken of wounded British in, 153; British guard placed on, 223; Levis takes possession of, 265; painful scenes at, described, 265, 266. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Quebec, Hotel Dieu=. =F= Origin of, 28. =L= Laval lodges at, for a time, 33; nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Quebec Library=. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertis.e.m.e.nt appeared in the Quebec _Gazette_: "A subscription has been commenced for establis.h.i.+ng a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the Bishop, and it is hoped that the inst.i.tution, so particularly useful in this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard c.u.mberland, the dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later, the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library a.s.sociation, founded 1843; and in 1866 the a.s.sociation dissolved and sold its books to the Quebec Literary and Historical Society (_q.v._). =Bib.=: A detailed account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library a.s.sociation, will be found in Wurtele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1887-1889.

=Quebec Literary and Historical Society=. Founded at Quebec in 1824, largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie, then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such doc.u.ments as may be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may prove important to general history and to the particular history of this province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in 1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown steadily, despite serious losses from fires. =Bib.=: The publications consist of _Transactions_ and _Historical Doc.u.ments_. The first volume of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in 1838. The _Trans._, for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its publications and its library, by F. C. Wurtele, who also published in 1891 an Index to the series of publications.

=Quebec, Province of=. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the princ.i.p.al part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774, its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in 1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec.

Const.i.tutional government was established in 1791; and responsible government in 1841. =Index=: =Dr= Government of, embraced Canada, 7. =S= Divided, 1. =Md= Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of Confederation in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and expectant" on entry into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133; result of election of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question, 242-244; Cartier's influence in, 266. _See also_ Quebec Act; Const.i.tutional Act; Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Responsible government; Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada.

=Quebec Revenue Act.= =Sy= Provided fund for carrying on colonial government, 83. =Bib.=: Houston, _Const.i.tutional Doc.u.ments of Canada_.

=Quebec Seminary.= Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden.

Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged, 1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. =Index=: =F= Establishment of, 48. =L= Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to collect t.i.thes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56; affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241.

_See also_ Laval University. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Cradle of New France_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1629.= The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up the river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which Champlain peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to meet the French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a battle which lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners back to England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three sails, and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the little garrison was at the point of starvation. =Index=: _See_ Quebec City; Kirke. =Bib.=: Kirke, _The First English Conquest of Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1690.= Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two s.h.i.+ps and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did much less damage to the town than his s.h.i.+ps suffered from Frontenac's batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in the Lower Town was named _Notre Dame de la Victoire_, to commemorate the victory. =Index=: _See_ Quebec city; Phipps. =Bib.=: Myrand, _Sir William Phipps devant Quebec_; Parkman, _Frontenac_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1759.= Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne, and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton, and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the Levis sh.o.r.e, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily a.s.sembled his troops and led them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of the city, and Townshend, who had succeeded to the command, had difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. =Index=: _See_ Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Woods, _Logs of the Conquest of Canada_ and _Fight for Canada_; Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Knox, _Historical Journal_; Waddington, _La Guerre de Sept Ans_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1760.= After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760, Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Levis laid siege to the town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Levis, seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. =Bib.=: Bradley, _The Fight with France_; Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_ and _Cradle of New France_; Waddington, _La Guerre de Sept Ans_.

=Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776.= _See_ American invasion; Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester. =Bib.=: Anderson, _Siege and Blockade of Quebec_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1872); Strange, _Historical Notes on the Defence of Quebec_ (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. _Trans._, 1875).

=Queen Charlotte Islands.= A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George Dixon examined both the eastern and western sh.o.r.es of the islands in 1787, and named them after his s.h.i.+p, the _Queen Charlotte_. The natives are known as Haidas. =Index=: =D= Portlock and Dixon discover that group is not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22; Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. =Bib.=: Poole, _Queen Charlotte Islands_; Chittenden, _Report of Exploration of Queen Charlotte Islands_; Dawson, _Report on the Queen Charlotte Islands_ (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879).

=Queen's Brigade (French).= =WM= In battle of Ste. Foy, 262.

=Queen's Rangers.= =Dr= Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. =S= Raising of, 22; Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel militia, 26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quant.i.ty of enemy's stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36; surrender with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army, 39; disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208, 216. =Bk= Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. =Bib.=: Simcoe, _Journal of the Operations of the Queen's Rangers_.

=Queen's University.= Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839, and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first princ.i.p.al was Rev.

Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch, Dr. Snodgra.s.s. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became princ.i.p.al, and it was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon.

=Index=: =R= Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian inst.i.tution, 135, 147; Act of incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative grant, 148; Dr. Liddell princ.i.p.al, 150; advocates university scheme, 150. =E= Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. =BL= Established by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into provincial university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. =Bib.=: Machar, _Sketch of Queen's University_ in _Canada: An Ency._, vol. 4.

=Queenston.= Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. =Index=: =Bk= In 1803 an important village, 58. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_.

=Queenston Heights, Battle of.= In War of 1812. Brock commanded the British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and 2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods, attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900 and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. =Index=: =Bk= Account of battle, 300-312. =Bib.=: Lucas, _Canadian War of 1812_; Currie, _Battle of Queenston Heights_. _See also_ War of 1812.

=Quen, Jean de= (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635.

Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and established a permanent mission on the sh.o.r.es of the lake. Superior of the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. =Index=: =Ch= Parish priest of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 238. =Bib.=: _Jesuit Relations_, ed. by Thwaites; Charlevoix, _History of New France_.

=Quentin, Barthelemy.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg.= =Ch= Director of Company of New France, 170.

=Quentin, Father Claude.= =Ch= Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234.

=Quesnel, Frederick A.= =Sy= Member of Special Council of Lower Canada, opposes union, 193. =P= Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his seat in a.s.sembly, 102.

=Quesnel, Jules Maurice.= =D= Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60. =MS= With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river named after, 109. =Bib.=: Ma.s.son, _Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest_.

=Queylus, Abbe de.= =F= Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42; sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. =L= His difficulties with Laval, 7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes authority of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to archbishop of Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and a.s.sumes charge of parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to France, 28; later returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, 29; causes chapel to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupre, 101; arrival of, 1668, 105; makes donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's recommendation of, 107, 134; departure of, for France, 134; his great liberality, 135. =Bib.=: Parkman, _Old Regime_.

=Quimper, Manuel.= Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West Coast in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to Monterey, Mexico, in September, 1790. =Index=: =D= Examines both sh.o.r.es of Juan de Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. =Bib.=: Walkran, _British Columbia Coast-Names_.

=Quinte, Bay of.= An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north sh.o.r.e. The name is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouve and Fenelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the sh.o.r.es of the bay were made by United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks settled in the towns.h.i.+p of Tyendenaga--named after Joseph Brant.

=Index=: =Hd= Iroquois settlement on, 265. =Bib.=: Conant, _Life in Canada_ and _Upper Canada Sketches_.

=Quintin's Bridge.= =S= Skirmish at, 24.

=Quinton, James.= =T= Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, 109.

=Radisson, Pierre Esprit= (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada in 1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois and carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped the following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit to the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake Superior, discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 made another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey by his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company.

In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson Bay in 1682, and captured an English s.h.i.+p. In 1684 once more changed his allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. =Index=: =F= Proceedings of, in Hudson Bay, 204-205. =Bib.=: _Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson_ (Prince Society, Boston, 1885); _Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson_ (Canadian Archives _Report_, 1895); Sulte, _Radisson in the North-West_ (R. S. C., 1904); _Decouverte du Mississippi_ (R. S. C., 1903); Prud'homme, _Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson_; Dionne, _Chouart et Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, _Further History of Pierre Esprit Radisson_ (R. S. C., 1898) and _Hudson's Bay Company_; Laut, _Pathfinders of the West_ and _The Conquest of the Great North-West_.

=Rae, John= (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied Richardson in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and in 1851 commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land.

During an expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of Franklin's death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. =Index=: =MS= Journey in search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his party, 51; chief factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. =Bib.=: _Expedition to the Sh.o.r.es of the Arctic Sea_.

=Rae, W. G.= =D= Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in charge of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San Francis...o...b..y, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.

=Rafeix, Father.= =L= Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41.

=Rageot, Gilles.= =F= Clerk to attorney-general, 106.

=Ragueneau, Paul= (1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to France, where he acted as agent for the Canadian missions until his death. =Bib.=: Charlevoix, _History of New France_; Parkman, _Jesuits in North America_.

=Raikes, Thomas.= =Sy= His description of Poulett Thomson, 43.

=Railways.= =E= History of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117.

=C= Cartier favours building of, 45. =BL= Early charters for, in Canada, 301. =B= One from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George Brown, 61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64; Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64. =H= Line from Halifax to Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in 1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125; transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway Bills pa.s.sed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147; railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158. =T= In New Brunswick, subsidies to, 19-20. _See also_ Canadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway; Grand Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern Railway; Northern Railway.