The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History Part 64

=Rainsford, John.= =F= Rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304.

=Raisin, Sister Marie.= =L= Member of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.

=Ralleau.= =Ch= Secretary of De Monts, 33.

=Ramesay, De.= =F= Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351.

=Ramezay, Claude de.= =WM= Commandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219; describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates, 231, 232. =Bib.=: Doughty, _Siege of Quebec_; Wood, _The Fight for Canada_.

=Rand, Theodore Harding= (1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia.

Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various professors.h.i.+ps in educational inst.i.tutions; chancellor of McMaster University, Toronto, 1892-1895. =Bib.=: Works: _At Minas Basin, and other Poems_; _Song Waves and other Poems_; _Treasury of Canadian Verse_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_; MacMurchy, _Canadian Literature_.

=Randal, Robert.= =Mc= Virginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his mission, 142, 143.

=Randolph, Beverley= (1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia a.s.sembly during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia. =Index=: =S= American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. =Bib.=: _Cyc. Am. Biog._

=Rangers (British).= =Hd= Established near Cataraqui, 265. =WM= Reembark after fall of Quebec, 236. _See also_ Queen's Rangers.

=Rankin, Colonel.= =Md= Challenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology, and meeting is averted, 81-82.

=Rankine, Alexander.= =T= Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18.

=Rattray, William Jordan= (1835-1883). Born in London, England.

Emigrated to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University, and later entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of books on religious and general subjects; for several years on the editorial staff of the Toronto _Mail_. Contributed to Canadian and American periodicals. =Index=: =Mc= His opinion of Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12, 26; views on the Rebellion, 26; on destruction of the _Advocate_, 115; opinion of Head, 307. =Bib.=: _The Scot in British North America_. For biog., _see_ Rose, _Cyc. Can. Biog._

=Raudot, Antoine-Denis= (1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as a.s.sistant to the intendant; recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen; also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father as councillor of marine. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).

=Raudot, Jacques= (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in 1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. =Bib.=: Roy, _Intendants de la Nouvelle-France_ (R. S. C., 1903).

=Razilly, Chevalier de.= =Ch= One of the Hundred a.s.sociates, 170; ordered to a.s.sist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with expedition to take possession of Quebec, 213.

=Re, Francois, Sieur de Gand.= =Ch= One of the Hundred a.s.sociates, 171.

=Read, David Breakenridge= (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; mayor of Toronto, 1858. =Index=: =Mc= On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a reformer, 5; on responsible government, 12. =Bib.=: Works: _The Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada_; _The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe_; _The Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock_; _The Rebellion of 1837_; _The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Ontario_. For biog., _see_ Morgan, _Can. Men_.

=Reade, Alfred.= =W= Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78; discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.

=Rebellion Losses Bill.= =Mc= Furious debate on, between MacNab and Blake, 489. =BL= Pa.s.sed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; its history, 305-334, 335, 336. =E= History of, 63-84; commission appointed by Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; La Fontaine's resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter opposition of Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in opposition to bill, 70; bill pa.s.sed by both houses by large majorities, 70; Elgin gives royal a.s.sent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the Montreal riots, 73-77, 161, 203. =B= History of, 34-38. =C= John A.

Macdonald characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. =Md= Circ.u.mstances leading up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to Legislature, 35; pa.s.ses the a.s.sembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; cause of unseemly riots, 38; causes division of opinion in British Parliament, 41. _See also_ Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). =Bib.=: Dent, _Last Forty Years_.

=Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada.= The culmination of a long agitation, on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of popular government. The older and more experienced of their leaders refused to overstep the bounds of const.i.tutional agitation; but Papineau, Wolfred Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts determined to resort to armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches and demonstrations, in the summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau was the central figure, led to incipient riots in Montreal and elsewhere, and the decision of the authorities to arrest Papineau blew the smouldering embers into a fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered their followers together at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Colonel Gore and Colonel Wetherall were sent to disperse them.

Shortly after, Amury Girod raised the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, and Sir John Colborne led a force against him. In every case the rebels were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and the other leaders fled.

Papineau and Brown escaped over the border. The others were captured and exiled to Bermuda. The next year Robert Nelson and Dr. Cote made a final attempt at Napierville. Nelson managed to escape, but his misguided followers were captured, twelve executed, and eighty-seven transported to Australia. =Index=: =C= Responsibility of the government for, 2; Cartier's part in, 7; defence of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of the const.i.tution of 1791, 11; origin of, 121-122. =Sy= In Lower Canada, 57. =B= Attributed by Durham to racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12.

=P= Responsibility of the bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in Montreal, 127; Demaray and Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure Viger and party of _Patriotes_, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St.

Charles, 128; Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel Wetherall's against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, 130-132; at St. Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight at St. Eustache, 135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of 1838 crushed, 139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's version, 146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. =BL= Papineau's connection with, 45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, 287-288. =MS= Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence strongly against Papineau, 243. =H= Its effect on popular party in Nova Scotia, 49. =E= Its causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of the Rebellion, 62-63; contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. =Md= Cartier involved in, 7; takes advantage of amnesty, 7; pa.s.sions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. _See also_ Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; Rebellion Losses Bill. =Bib.=: Christie, _History of Lower Canada_; Kingsford, _History of Canada_; Carrier, _Les Evenements de 1837-1838_; David, _Les Patriotes de 1837_; Globensky, _La Rebellion de 1837_; Th.e.l.ler, _Canada in 1837-38_.

=Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada.= Almost the exact counterpart of the revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city, were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements, they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape.

Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were made in this and the following years, with the aid of American sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the rebels. =Index=: =Mc= Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; _Globe_ justifies, 13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of rebellion, 14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's view, 18, 27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; Chamberlain's view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low murmur of insurrection," 300. =B= Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of Family Compact, 11. =MS= Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's Bay Company influence supports government, 242. =BL= Mackenzie's and Rolph's connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; attack planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, 43; and are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and Lount's connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. =E= Its causes, 17, 18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. =R= Mentioned, 113, 143. =Md= Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; pa.s.sions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. _See also_ W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount; Grievances. =Bib.=: Dent, _Upper Canadian Rebellion_; Head, _Narrative_; King, _Other Side of the Story_; Ryerson, _Affairs of the Canadas_; Glenelg, _Despatches to Sir F. B. Head_; Read, _Rebellion of 1837_; Lizars, _Humours of '37_.

=Reciprocity.= Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between the years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year, when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887, 1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to respond. =Index=: =B= Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its abrogation, 148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be favourable to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; confederate council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Was.h.i.+ngton, 193; reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines scheme, 193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation as against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set aside in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his att.i.tude towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of negotiations of 1866, 224; changing att.i.tude in Canada on subject, 224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown treaty of 1874--history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission to Was.h.i.+ngton, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty, 228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230; treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged against treaty in Canada, 231-232. =BL= Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302; movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. =H= Halifax Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United States, 115-116. =E= Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified by MacNab-Morin government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. =Md= Treaty negotiated by Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, favouring renewal of, 99; ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. =T= Discussed in New Brunswick a.s.sembly, 28; treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New Brunswick, 30; bill pa.s.sed, 33. _See also_ Elgin; Unrestricted Reciprocity; Commercial Union; Zollverein. =Bib.=: Derby, _Report upon the Treaty of Reciprocity_; Griffin, _The Provinces and the States_; Howe, _The Reciprocity Treaty_; Haliburton, _American Protection and Canadian Reciprocity_.

=Recollets.= A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in 1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of the order who came out in 1615, Le Caron was a.s.signed to the Huron mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became famous as the historians of their missions in New France. =Index=: =F= Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. =Dr= Their churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. =L= Recommend adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard to, 110; four missions a.s.signed to them, 111; surprised at their kind treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac against Intendant d.u.c.h.esneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges reopened, 236. =Ch= Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; papal brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission a failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse a.s.sistance in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. =Hd= Recommended by Gage, 48; their house p.r.o.nounced unsatisfactory as a prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. =Bib.=: Le Clerc, _First Establishment of the Faith in New France_, trans. by Shea; Sagard, _Histoire du Canada_; Parkman, _Pioneers of France, Old Regime_, and _Frontenac_.

=Red River.= Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was discovered by La Verendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of the a.s.siniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles. =Bib.=: Lovell, _Gazetteer of Canada_; Hind, _Canadian Red River and a.s.siniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions_.

=Red River Colony.= Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk Colony; a.s.siniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (_q.v._), in 1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory that year, under the leaders.h.i.+p of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys, reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few years, and were constantly hara.s.sed by the fur traders of the North West Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the province of Manitoba. =Index=: =MS= The settlers sail from Stornoway, in the Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1, 1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected a mile north of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway, 159; s.h.i.+p-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164; winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814, 163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer (Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196; trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble, 246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson, 1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278; population, 1870, 286. =B= Isbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213. =Md= Plague of gra.s.shoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand persons at Confederation, 157. _See also_ Selkirk; a.s.siniboia. =Bib.=: Bryce, _Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists_; Begg, _Creation of Manitoba_; Hargrave, _Red River_; Ross, _Red River Settlement_; Bell, _The Selkirk Settlement_; MacBeth, _The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life_; Selkirk, _Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries_.

=Red River Rebellion.= _See_ Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.

=Redistribution Bill.= =Md= Bill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to adjust representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274; _Globe_ on, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276.

=Redpath, Peter= (1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public inst.i.tutions, and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics, $140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building, besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations of $85,000 to the library. =Index=: =E= Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81.

=Bib.=: Dawson, _Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill University_.

=Reed, Joseph.= =T= Deserts his party in New Brunswick, 18.

=Reform Alliance.= =Mc= Objects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death of, 497.

=Reform a.s.sociation.= =BL= Founded in Toronto, with branches throughout Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the people," 238.

=Reform, Parliamentary.= =Sy= Question of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32.

=Reform Party.= =B= Fight for responsible government, against Metcalfe, 21; under wise leaders.h.i.+p of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of 1857 recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories, 131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138; leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159; Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry, 208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 262. =Sy= Its support of the policy of union of the provinces acknowledged by Sydenham, 213. _See also_ Liberal Party.

=Regale.= =L= Dispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement, 184, 201.

=Regina.= Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. =Bib.=: Powers, _History of Regina: its Foundation and Growth_.

=Regiopolis College.= Established at Kingston. =Index=: =BL= Established by Roman Catholics, 194. =R= Incorporated March 4, 1837, 147.

=Registration.= =S= Of deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94, 102. =Sy= Of t.i.tles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, pa.s.sed by Special Council, 278, 279.

=Reid, Stuart J.= =Mc= On colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on the Duke of Wellington, 17; on authors.h.i.+p of Durham's Report, 82, 83.

=Bib.=: _Life and Letters of Durham_; _Lord John Russell_.

=Renaud.= =C= Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolis.h.i.+ng separate schools, 73.

=Repentigny.= On the St. Lawrence, north bank. =F= Band of Iroquois surprised and destroyed at, 308.

=Repentigny, Captain de.= =WM= With Canadians, guards fords of Montmorency, 112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered with his reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.

=Representation Bill, 1853.= =E= Sir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133.

=Representation by Population.= =B= Advocated by George Brown, 71, 75, 82, 142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by Upper Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127; growth in sentiment for, 142. =Md= Not an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty caused by working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George Brown's solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed to, 89; solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America Act, 141. =T= Movement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68.

=Representative Government.= =Dr= Little interest felt in, by French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their pet.i.tion to the king, 61. _See also_ Responsible government.

=Representative Inst.i.tutions.= =F= Complete absence of, in New France, 131-132.