The Abacus And The Cross Part 12

123 eclipses: eclipses: See Thietmar of Merseburg, 161; Liudprand of Cremona, translated by Francis Wright, See Thietmar of Merseburg, 161; Liudprand of Cremona, translated by Francis Wright, The Works of Liudprand of Cremona The Works of Liudprand of Cremona, 177, 275; and Ralph the Bald, 211, 213, 241, 245. The Life of Heraclius Life of Heraclius is quoted by Bruce Eastwood, is quoted by Bruce Eastwood, The Revival of Planetary Astronomy in Carolingian and Post-Carolingian Europe The Revival of Planetary Astronomy in Carolingian and Post-Carolingian Europe, 250.

124 globus: Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum De natura rerum," 275-277. Saint Augustine's The Literal Meaning of Genesis The Literal Meaning of Genesis, Book 1, chapter 19, is translated by J. H. Taylor. On Lactantius and Cosmas, see Jeffrey Burton Russell, Inventing the Flat Earth Inventing the Flat Earth, 32-35; also Alain Touwaide, "Kosmas Indikopleustes," in Glick et al., 302-303.

126 Lady Geometry: Lady Geometry: On the glosses to Martia.n.u.s Capella, see Natalia Lozovsky, On the glosses to Martia.n.u.s Capella, see Natalia Lozovsky, "The Earth is Our Book "The Earth is Our Book," 114-130. 114-130.

126 "golden apple": "golden apple": Ralph the Bald, 39. Ralph the Bald, 39.

126 Maps of the world: Maps of the world: See Patrick Gautier Dalche, "Mappemonde dessinee a Fleury vers l'an mil," in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, 2-5; Lozovsky, 114- 130; and Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's See Patrick Gautier Dalche, "Mappemonde dessinee a Fleury vers l'an mil," in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, 2-5; Lozovsky, 114- 130; and Stevens, "The Figure of the Earth in Isidore's De natura rerum De natura rerum," 268-277.

128 Antipodes: Antipodes: Saint Augustine's Saint Augustine's The City of G.o.d The City of G.o.d, Book 16, chapter 9, is translated by Marcus Dods, Christian Cla.s.sics Ethereal Library at Calvin College, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf102.iv.XVI.9.html.

128 Flat Earth Error: Flat Earth Error: Russell, especially 65-73; for Columbus's alternative history, see 3-11. Quotations from Was.h.i.+ngton Irving are from Russell, especially 65-73; for Columbus's alternative history, see 3-11. Quotations from Was.h.i.+ngton Irving are from Columbus: His Life and Voyages Columbus: His Life and Voyages, vol. 1, 33-38. Russell found the Flat Earth Error in a 1983 textbook for fifth-graders; a 1982 textbook for eighth-graders; the 1960, 1971, and 1976 editions of a college textbook, A History of Civilization A History of Civilization ; and in the bestselling 1983 book ; and in the bestselling 1983 book The Discoverers The Discoverers, by the former Librarian of Congress, Daniel Boorstin. I have since found it in Haraldur Sigurdsson's 1999 book, Melting the Earth: The History of Ideas on Volcanic Eruptions Melting the Earth: The History of Ideas on Volcanic Eruptions, 71.

Chapter VIII: The Astrolabe.

133 Ptolemy: Ptolemy: For the Arabic folktale, see David King, "Astronomical Instruments Between East and West," 146. For the Latin, see Charles Burnett, "King Ptolemy and Alchandreus the Philosopher," 340-341. For the Arabic folktale, see David King, "Astronomical Instruments Between East and West," 146. For the Latin, see Charles Burnett, "King Ptolemy and Alchandreus the Philosopher," 340-341.

133 1,760 uses: 1,760 uses: Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (from s.h.i.+raz, c. 965) is cited by David King, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (from s.h.i.+raz, c. 965) is cited by David King, Astrolabes and Angels Astrolabes and Angels, 199.

134 magical instrument: magical instrument: Arianna Borrelli discusses Gerbert's role in the oral transmission of knowledge about the astrolabe in Arianna Borrelli discusses Gerbert's role in the oral transmission of knowledge about the astrolabe in Aspects of the Astrolabe Aspects of the Astrolabe; also Marco Zuccato (personal communication).

134 surpa.s.sed Ptolemy: surpa.s.sed Ptolemy: William of Malmesbury, 279-289. On Michael Scot, see Lynn Thorndike, William of Malmesbury, 279-289. On Michael Scot, see Lynn Thorndike, Michael Scot Michael Scot, 93-94. "It should be noted" is translated from the French of Poulle, "Naissance de la legende scientifique: Note sur l'autorite des traites de l'astrolabe," in Olivier Guyotjeannin and Emmanuel Poulle, eds., Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac, 343.

135 "particularly skilled": "particularly skilled": Thietmar of Merseburg, 303. For translations of Thietmar of Merseburg, 303. For translations of horologium horologium, see Roland Allen, "Gerbert, Pope Silvester II," 633; Gerd Althoff, Otto III Otto III, 69; Brigitte Bedos-Rezak, "Review of Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac," 529; Bruce Eastwood, The Revival of Planetary Astronomy The Revival of Planetary Astronomy, 253; Anna Marie Flusche, The Life and Legend of Gerbert of Aurillac The Life and Legend of Gerbert of Aurillac, 59; David Juste, "La sphere planetaire du ms. Vatican, BAV, Pal. lat. 1356 (XIIe siecle)," 208; Stephen C. McCluskey, Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, 176; and Poulle, "Gerbert Horloger!" in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, 365-367.

136 "actual numbers": "actual numbers": Gerbert, 45. Gerbert, 45.

136 Synesius: Synesius: Translation by A. Fitzgerald on Translation by A. Fitzgerald on Livius.org: A Website on Ancient History, edited by Jona Lendering, http://www.livius.org/su-sz/synesius/synesius_astrolabe_3.html.

137 "rotatable star map": "rotatable star map": The description is from the Deutsches Museum; "flat model" is from Marcel Des...o...b..s, "Un astrolabe carolingien et l'origine de nos chiffres arabes," 10; "a.n.a.logue computer" is from E. S. Kennedy and Marcel Des...o...b..s, in E. S. Kennedy et al., eds., The description is from the Deutsches Museum; "flat model" is from Marcel Des...o...b..s, "Un astrolabe carolingien et l'origine de nos chiffres arabes," 10; "a.n.a.logue computer" is from E. S. Kennedy and Marcel Des...o...b..s, in E. S. Kennedy et al., eds., Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences, 405, and also J. L. Berggren, Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam, 173; "two-dimensional model" is from King, "Astronomical Instruments Between East and West," 145-146.

139 Rodolf: Rodolf: The letters of Rodolf and Ragimbold are edited by Paul Tannery in The letters of Rodolf and Ragimbold are edited by Paul Tannery in Memoires scientifiques Memoires scientifiques, vol. 5, 229-303. McCluskey discusses them in Astronomies and Culture Astronomies and Culture, 177; see also David King, The Ciphers of the Monks The Ciphers of the Monks, 370. Translation by Monica Otter, personal communication.

140 Pope Sylvester's: Pope Sylvester's: See David King, See David King, In Synchrony with the Heavens In Synchrony with the Heavens, 489; Robert T. Gunther, Astrolabes of the World Astrolabes of the World, 230-232.

140 Des...o...b..s astrolabe: Des...o...b..s astrolabe: See Des...o...b..s, "Un astrolabe carolingien"; King, See Des...o...b..s, "Un astrolabe carolingien"; King, In Synchrony with the Heavens In Synchrony with the Heavens, 205, 209. For Gerbert's letters on Catalan independence, see Gerbert, 115, 153.

143 Fulbert: Fulbert: Fulbert of Chartres, Fulbert of Chartres, The Letters and Poems of Fulbert of Chartres The Letters and Poems of Fulbert of Chartres, translated by Frederick Behrends, xxv-xxvii, 260-261; also Burnett, "King Ptolemy and Alchandreus the Philosopher," 334-335.

144 book on book on astrology: David Juste, astrology: David Juste, Les Alchandreana primitifs Les Alchandreana primitifs, 219-261.

146 "Nectanabo": "Nectanabo": Adalbero (Ascelin) of Laon, Adalbero (Ascelin) of Laon, Poeme au roi Robert Poeme au roi Robert, edited and translated (into French) by Claude Carozzi, 8-13.

146 "house of Mercury": "house of Mercury": Juste's translation of Gerbert's epitaph for Duke Ferry of Upper Lorraine, the husband of Beatrice (who would later play a role in Gerbert's career); Juste, Juste's translation of Gerbert's epitaph for Duke Ferry of Upper Lorraine, the husband of Beatrice (who would later play a role in Gerbert's career); Juste, Les alchandreana primitifs Les alchandreana primitifs, 256. See also Gerbert, 120. Lattin dates the death of Ferry to May 18, following church necrologies; she notes that the sun entered Gemini (the "house of Mercury") on May 16 (see Gerbert, 120n). The astrological lore permits both readings.

146 "shattered by the "shattered by the phisicis": Gerbert, 149. phisicis": Gerbert, 149.

147 "I pa.s.sed by Chartres": "I pa.s.sed by Chartres": Loren C. Mackinney, Loren C. Mackinney, Bishop Fulbert and Education at the School of Chartres Bishop Fulbert and Education at the School of Chartres, 14.

148 "remarkable musician": "remarkable musician": From his obituary in the From his obituary in the Annals of Saint-Maixent of Micy Annals of Saint-Maixent of Micy, cited by Thomas Head, "Letaldus of Micy and the Hagiographic Traditions of the Abbey of Nouaille," 264. Also, Gerbert, 140.

148 "Ascelin the German": "Ascelin the German": See Burnett, "King Ptolemy and Alchandreus the Philosopher," 343-354. See Burnett, "King Ptolemy and Alchandreus the Philosopher," 343-354.

148 beloved Constantine: beloved Constantine: Head reconstructs Constantine's biography and distinguishes him from the second Abbot Constantine of Micy in "Letaldus of Micy and the Hagiographic Traditions of the Abbey of Nouaille," 253-267. Head reconstructs Constantine's biography and distinguishes him from the second Abbot Constantine of Micy in "Letaldus of Micy and the Hagiographic Traditions of the Abbey of Nouaille," 253-267.

Chapter IX: The Abbot of Bobbio.

153 "interrupted for a time": "interrupted for a time": Gerbert, 61. Gerbert, 61.

153 "seemed capable": "seemed capable": Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 65-67. Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 65-67.

155 "purple-born": "purple-born": Thietmar of Merseburg, 102. Romily Jenkins says Thietmar misunderstood: Theophanu was "only" the niece of the reigning emperor, John Tzimisces, but her parents were the former Emperor Roma.n.u.s II and Empress Theophanu; see Thietmar of Merseburg, 102. Romily Jenkins says Thietmar misunderstood: Theophanu was "only" the niece of the reigning emperor, John Tzimisces, but her parents were the former Emperor Roma.n.u.s II and Empress Theophanu; see Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, 293- 295. Jacqueline Lafontaine-Dosogne notes that all images of Otto II and Theophanu represent them as equals, in "The Art of Byzantium and Its Relation to Germany in the Time of the Empress Theophano," in Adelbert Davids, ed., The Empress Theophano The Empress Theophano, 212.

155 ingenio facundam: Karl Leyser, "Theophanu divina gratia imperatrix augusta: Western and Eastern Emperors.h.i.+p in the Later Tenth Century," in Davids, 1-27. K. Ciggaar records the opinion of Albert of Metz ("unpleasantly talkative") and the vision of Theophanu d.a.m.ned, in "Theophano: An Empress Reconsidered," in Davids, 49-63. Pierre Riche finds "moderation" and "good manners" in Thietmar's description, in Western and Eastern Emperors.h.i.+p in the Later Tenth Century," in Davids, 1-27. K. Ciggaar records the opinion of Albert of Metz ("unpleasantly talkative") and the vision of Theophanu d.a.m.ned, in "Theophano: An Empress Reconsidered," in Davids, 49-63. Pierre Riche finds "moderation" and "good manners" in Thietmar's description, in Les grandeurs de l'an mil Les grandeurs de l'an mil, 95.

155 "Greek woman": "Greek woman": Odilo of Cluny's "The Epitaph of Adelheid," translated by Sean Gilsdorf, Odilo of Cluny's "The Epitaph of Adelheid," translated by Sean Gilsdorf, Queens.h.i.+p and Sanct.i.ty Queens.h.i.+p and Sanct.i.ty, 133-134; she is also "that Greek empress." For knowledge of Greek in the tenth century, see Henry Mayr-Harting, Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany, 52-57, 144, 198; Florentine m.u.t.h.e.rich, "The Library of Otto III," in Peter Ganz, ed., The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture, 15-17; and Hrotsvit of Gandersheim, Hrosvit of Gandersheim: A Florilegium of Her Works Hrosvit of Gandersheim: A Florilegium of Her Works, translated by Katharina Wilson, 6-7.

156 "two p.r.o.ngs": "two p.r.o.ngs": Saint Peter Damian's diatribe on the fork is quoted by Davids, "Marriage Negotiations Between Byzantium and the West and the Name of Theophano in Byzantium," in Davids, 110. See also John Julius Norwich, Saint Peter Damian's diatribe on the fork is quoted by Davids, "Marriage Negotiations Between Byzantium and the West and the Name of Theophano in Byzantium," in Davids, 110. See also John Julius Norwich, Byzantium Byzantium, 257-259.

156 not the man: not the man: Thietmar of Merseburg, 126. For Otto's visit to Saint Gall, from the Thietmar of Merseburg, 126. For Otto's visit to Saint Gall, from the Life of Meinwerk Life of Meinwerk, see Francis Tschan, Saint Bernward of Hildesheim Saint Bernward of Hildesheim, vol. 2, 19n.

156 Otric and Gerbert: Otric and Gerbert: Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 65-81; Thietmar of Merseburg, 136-139. See also Pierre Riche, "L'enseignement de Gerbert," in M. Tosi, Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 65-81; Thietmar of Merseburg, 136-139. See also Pierre Riche, "L'enseignement de Gerbert," in M. Tosi, Gerberto Gerberto, 62. Riche identifies the eyewitness as Abbot Adso of Montier-en-der, with whom Gerbert shared books, in Les grandeurs Les grandeurs, 125. Such scholarly debates showed "how huge a geographical triangle was joined up" by a king's patronage of learning, according to Henry Mayr-Harting, Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany, 55, 144.

158 Miro: Miro: Riche finds Gerbert, Adalbero, and Miro at the Easter synod of 981. See Riche finds Gerbert, Adalbero, and Miro at the Easter synod of 981. See Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 63.

158 Bobbio: Bobbio: For his letters about Bobbio, see Gerbert, 61, 54, 57, 56, 49, 51, 13, 52, 56 (emphasis added). Jean-Francois Genest describes Bobbio's library in "Inventaire de la bibliotheque de Bobbio," in Olivier Guyotjeannin and Emmanuel Poulle, eds., For his letters about Bobbio, see Gerbert, 61, 54, 57, 56, 49, 51, 13, 52, 56 (emphasis added). Jean-Francois Genest describes Bobbio's library in "Inventaire de la bibliotheque de Bobbio," in Olivier Guyotjeannin and Emmanuel Poulle, eds., Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac, 250-261.

160 "little books": "little books": Pierre Racine, "Le Monastere de Bobbio et le Monde Feodal au Temps de Gerbert," in Flavio G. Nuvolone, ed., Pierre Racine, "Le Monastere de Bobbio et le Monde Feodal au Temps de Gerbert," in Flavio G. Nuvolone, ed., Gerberto d'Aurillac: Da abate di Bobbio a Papa dell'anno 1000 Gerberto d'Aurillac: Da abate di Bobbio a Papa dell'anno 1000, 270-276; Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 63-71, and Les grandeurs Les grandeurs, 32-37, 52. "The ill.u.s.trious Count Oberto" is described by Liudprand of Cremona, as quoted by Racine, 280.

161 hold on Italy: hold on Italy: Widukind is quoted by Eleanor Duckett, Widukind is quoted by Eleanor Duckett, Death and Life in the Tenth Century Death and Life in the Tenth Century, 70-71. See Thietmar of Merseberg, 93-94, 135, 143- 146; for Odilo of Cluny's version, see Gilsdorf, 6-7, 130-131. See also Paolo Cammarosano, "Gerbert et l'Italie de son temps," in Nicole Charbonnel and Jean-Eric Iung, eds., Gerbert l'Europeen Gerbert l'Europeen, 109.

165 Carmen Figuratum: Carmen Figuratum: Flavio G. Nuvolone, "La Presenza delle Cifre Indo-Arabe nel Flavio G. Nuvolone, "La Presenza delle Cifre Indo-Arabe nel Carmen Figurato Carmen Figurato di Gerberto: Una discussione" and "Gerbert d'Aurillac et la politique imperiale ottonienne en 983: une affaire de chiffres censuree par les moines?" Also Clyde W. Brockett, "The Frontispiece of Paris, Bibl. Nat. Ms. Lat. 776: Gerbert's Acrostic Pattern Poems." For his letter, see Gerbert, 54. di Gerberto: Una discussione" and "Gerbert d'Aurillac et la politique imperiale ottonienne en 983: une affaire de chiffres censuree par les moines?" Also Clyde W. Brockett, "The Frontispiece of Paris, Bibl. Nat. Ms. Lat. 776: Gerbert's Acrostic Pattern Poems." For his letter, see Gerbert, 54.

169 fled to Pavia: fled to Pavia: For his letters, see Gerbert, 66, 59, 67, 60, 65, 168, 61, 70, and 68. For his letters, see Gerbert, 66, 59, 67, 60, 65, 168, 61, 70, and 68.

171 Otto III: Otto III: Thietmar of Merseberg, 147-156; see also Gerd Althoff, Thietmar of Merseberg, 147-156; see also Gerd Althoff, Otto III Otto III, 31-53. On Lorraine, see Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 83-91; also Duckett, 101. For Gerbert's letters in support of Theophanu, see Gerbert, 62, 67, 71, 72, 86, 91, 92, 61, 140, 115.

Chapter X: Treason and Excommunication.

177 "The world shudders": "The world shudders": Gerbert, 87. The following letters are from Gerbert, 76, 79, and 95. Gerbert, 87. The following letters are from Gerbert, 76, 79, and 95.

178 Hugh Capet: Hugh Capet: Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 107-115. Karl Leyser critiques Richer's account in Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 107-115. Karl Leyser critiques Richer's account in Communications and Power in Medieval Europe Communications and Power in Medieval Europe, 170. See also Jim Bradbury, The Capetians The Capetians, 41-82; Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France Capetian France, 20-24, 67-69.

182 "Louis Do-Nothing": "Louis Do-Nothing": Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 117-121. Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 117-121.

182 Adalbero's position: Adalbero's position: Gerbert, 99, 97, 98, 106, 107, 108. Gerbert, 99, 97, 98, 106, 107, 108.

184 magnificent funeral: magnificent funeral: Gerbert, 117. He also wrote Lothar's epitaph, Gerbert, 120; according to Pierre Riche, it lacks any sense of sadness, Gerbert, 117. He also wrote Lothar's epitaph, Gerbert, 120; according to Pierre Riche, it lacks any sense of sadness, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 94. Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 143, describes the funeral but does not mention Gerbert's involvement. See also Geoffrey Koziol, Begging Pardon and Favor Begging Pardon and Favor, 119-121.

184 Charles: Charles: Richer of Saint-Remy reports on the conflict for the throne in vol. 2, 145-181. For his letters, see Gerbert, 135, 138, 160, 161, 163, 165. Leyser, 175-176, points out the economic reasons against Charles, Richer of Saint-Remy reports on the conflict for the throne in vol. 2, 145-181. For his letters, see Gerbert, 135, 138, 160, 161, 163, 165. Leyser, 175-176, points out the economic reasons against Charles, Communications and Power Communications and Power, 175-176. Riche discusses Charles's continuing support in Les grandeurs de l'an mil Les grandeurs de l'an mil, 75.

187 Adalbero of Reims fell ill: Adalbero of Reims fell ill: Gerbert, 188, 200, 189. Gerbert, 188, 200, 189.

188 Arnoul: Arnoul: Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 183-225, 231-267. Gerbert's version is presented in Richer of Saint-Remy, vol. 2, 183-225, 231-267. Gerbert's version is presented in The Acts of Saint-Basle The Acts of Saint-Basle; see Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 126-140; C. Carozzi, "Gerbert et le concile de St-Basle," in M. Tosi, Gerberto Gerberto , 661-676. For his letters, see Gerbert, 186, 192, 196, 202, 206, 209, 218, 216, 230, 236. Jason Glenn, , 661-676. For his letters, see Gerbert, 186, 192, 196, 202, 206, 209, 218, 216, 230, 236. Jason Glenn, Politics and History in the Tenth Century Politics and History in the Tenth Century, a.n.a.lyzes the differences between the two versions, 98-127. Koziol discusses Arnoul's act of prostration, 1-5. On Abbo's "clamor," see Barbara H. Rosenwein, Thomas Head, and Sharon Farmer, "Monks and Their Enemies," 771, 780; Patrick Geary, Furta Sacra Furta Sacra, 23. Arnoul and Arnulf are the same name; to keep the archbishop of Reims straight from the bishop of Orleans, I have arbitrarily chosen the French spelling for one and the German spelling for the other.

193 power of the pope: power of the pope: Riche quotes Arnulf's diatribe and the papal legate's reply in Riche quotes Arnulf's diatribe and the papal legate's reply in Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 130-134. The bribe of the white horse is described by G. Tellenbach, The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century, 88.

194 excommunicated: excommunicated: Gerbert, 282, 265. Gerbert, 282, 265.

Chapter XI: The Legend of the Last Emperor.

200 Christian empire: Christian empire: Henry Mayr-Harting discusses the imperial dreams of Ottos I and II in Henry Mayr-Harting discusses the imperial dreams of Ottos I and II in Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany, 143. On the Legend of the Last Emperor, see Matthew Gabriele, "Otto III, Charlemagne, and Pentecost A.D. 1000," in Fra.s.setto, The Year 1000 The Year 1000, 111-123.

200 "fiery glowing eyes": "fiery glowing eyes": Widukind's description of Otto I is quoted by Karl Leyser, Widukind's description of Otto I is quoted by Karl Leyser, Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society, 83, 85. Francis Tschan, Saint Bernward of Hildesheim Saint Bernward of Hildesheim, vol. 1, 50, traces his "ruinous faults" to his mother. Tammo is described by Peter Damian in his "Life of Saint Romuald," in Gerd Althoff, Otto III Otto III, 143. Eleanor Duckett describes Otto's youth in Death and Life in the Tenth Century Death and Life in the Tenth Century, 108-110.

201 Gregory V: Gregory V: Pierre Riche, Pierre Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 165; Teta E. Moehs, Gregorius V, 996-999 Gregorius V, 996-999, 25.

201 mantle: mantle: From the From the Annals of Quedlinburg Annals of Quedlinburg; see Pierre Riche, Les grandeurs de l'an mil Les grandeurs de l'an mil, 243. For the illuminations, see Dominique Alibert, "Majeste ottonienne: L'hommage des nations a l'empereur," in Olivier Guyotjeannin and Emmanuel Poulle, eds., Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac, 82-87; Althoff, cover of Otto III Otto III. For his letter, see Gerbert, 271.

202 Rome: Rome: See Althoff, 58-60; Anna Celli-Fraentzel, "Contemporary Reports on the Mediaeval Roman Climate"; Jean Chelini, "Rome et le Latran au temps de Sylvestre II," in Pierre Riche and Paul Poupard, eds., See Althoff, 58-60; Anna Celli-Fraentzel, "Contemporary Reports on the Mediaeval Roman Climate"; Jean Chelini, "Rome et le Latran au temps de Sylvestre II," in Pierre Riche and Paul Poupard, eds., Gerbert: Moine, eveque, et pape Gerbert: Moine, eveque, et pape, 213-233; Paul Hetherington, Medieval Rome Medieval Rome, esp. 3, 33, 42; and Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 165-166, and Les grandeurs Les grandeurs, 264- 267, 280-281.

204 power struggles: power struggles: Moehs, 3, 37-42. Otto was aware of the Byzantine concept of an emperor as the divinely appointed head of church and state; see Jenkins, Moehs, 3, 37-42. Otto was aware of the Byzantine concept of an emperor as the divinely appointed head of church and state; see Jenkins, Byzantium Byzantium, 259; Adso of Montier-en-Der, "Book of the Antichrist," translated by Bernard McGinn, in Apocalyptic Spirituality Apocalyptic Spirituality, 85; and Norwich, 2-3.

204 Adalbert: Adalbert: Duckett, 113-115; Althoff, 65, 138-140; Moehs, 35; and Phyllis G. Jestice, "A New Fas.h.i.+on in Imitating Christ," in Fra.s.setto, 165-185. Duckett, 113-115; Althoff, 65, 138-140; Moehs, 35; and Phyllis G. Jestice, "A New Fas.h.i.+on in Imitating Christ," in Fra.s.setto, 165-185.

205 "vehement grief": "vehement grief": Gerbert, 271. Gerbert, 271.

205 Robert: Robert: Riche, Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 168; Jim Bradbury, The Capetians The Capetians, 12, 83; and Elizabeth M. Hallam, Capetian France Capetian France, 70. As Constance Brittain Bouchard shows, the Church was revising the concept of "incestuous"; under the old rules, Bertha and Robert could marry, but under the new ones, there was no woman of sufficient rank in Europe whom Robert could legally wed. See "Those of My Blood": Constructing n.o.ble Families in Medieval Francia "Those of My Blood": Constructing n.o.ble Families in Medieval Francia, 40-46.

206 Abbo set off again: Abbo set off again: Abbo's letters are translated by Duckett, 130. Thomas Head cites Aimo of Fleury on Abbo being "more powerful" than the king in Abbo's letters are translated by Duckett, 130. Thomas Head cites Aimo of Fleury on Abbo being "more powerful" than the king in Hagiography and the Cult of Saints Hagiography and the Cult of Saints, 244.

207 Gerbert did not wait: Gerbert did not wait: For his letters about leaving Reims, see Gerbert, 280, 281, 221, 272, 282. The lavish copy of Boethius's For his letters about leaving Reims, see Gerbert, 280, 281, 221, 272, 282. The lavish copy of Boethius's On Arithmetic On Arithmetic is discussed by Henri Focillon, is discussed by Henri Focillon, The Year 1000 The Year 1000, 157; Florentine m.u.t.h.e.rich, "The Library of Otto III," in Peter Ganz, ed., The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture The Role of the Book in Medieval Culture, 20.

209 "magnificent German estate called Sasbach": "magnificent German estate called Sasbach": For his letters to Otto III, see Gerbert, 290, 287, 293, 292. For his letters to Otto III, see Gerbert, 290, 287, 293, 292.

211 "Saxon ignorance": "Saxon ignorance": Letter from Otto III is from Gerbert, 294. For other translations, see Focillon, 157; C. Stephen Jaeger, Letter from Otto III is from Gerbert, 294. For other translations, see Focillon, 157; C. Stephen Jaeger, The Envy of Angels The Envy of Angels, 56. Althoff attributes the idea that Otto was "un-German" to previous historians, 68.

211 "ours is the Roman Empire": "ours is the Roman Empire": Gerbert, 297, 296. Althoff notes Gerbert's appointment to the court chapel as "musician," 69; see also Riche, Gerbert, 297, 296. Althoff notes Gerbert's appointment to the court chapel as "musician," 69; see also Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 182. For Gerbert's treatise on reason, see Dominique Poirel, "L'art de la logique: Le De rationali et ratione uti De rationali et ratione uti de Gerbert," in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, de Gerbert," in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, Autour de Gerbert Autour de Gerbert, 312-320 (emphasis added). Mayr-Harting discusses arithmetic as a way to "tap into that cosmic whole which the ruler needed to grasp," 143, 165-166.

Chapter XII: The Pope of the Year 1000.

213 "minds of angry persons": "minds of angry persons": Gerbert, 90. Gerbert, 90.

213 John Philagathos: John Philagathos: Thietmar of Merseburg, 172-174; translator David Warner cites the Thietmar of Merseburg, 172-174; translator David Warner cites the Annals of Quedlinburg Annals of Quedlinburg and Johannes diaconis in his notes. Ralph the Bald also records the affair, 25. Teta E. Moehs a.n.a.lyzes the sources, including the and Johannes diaconis in his notes. Ralph the Bald also records the affair, 25. Teta E. Moehs a.n.a.lyzes the sources, including the Annals of Hildesheim Annals of Hildesheim and the and the Vita Vita of Saint Nil, in of Saint Nil, in Gregorius V Gregorius V, 18, 55-66; as do Gerd Althoff, Otto III Otto III, 73-79; Eleanor Duckett, Death and Life in the Tenth Century Death and Life in the Tenth Century, 124-127; and Pierre Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 192-193. Francis Tschan discusses Philagathos as Otto III's tutor, Saint Bernward of Hildesheim Saint Bernward of Hildesheim, vol. 1, 48-49. For Leo of Synada's letters, see Leo of Synada, "Amba.s.sade de Leon de Synades, envoye de Basile II a Otton III et au pape," in Epistoliers byzantins du Xe siecle Epistoliers byzantins du Xe siecle , translated (into French) by J. Darrouzes; Leo of Synada, , translated (into French) by J. Darrouzes; Leo of Synada, The Correspondence of Leo, Metropolitan of Synada and Syncellus The Correspondence of Leo, Metropolitan of Synada and Syncellus, edited and translated by Martha Pollard Vinson.

217 the papacy: the papacy: See Kathleen G. Cus.h.i.+ng, See Kathleen G. Cus.h.i.+ng, Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century Reform and the Papacy in the Eleventh Century, 17-23, 55-58, 82-85; G. Tellenbach, The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century The Church in Western Europe from the Tenth to the Early Twelfth Century, 74. Moehs examines the cooperation between Otto and Gerbert, 80-86, as does Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 201-221. Like Otto, Gerbert seems to have understood the Byzantine concept of the emperor as "the elect of G.o.d, the embodiment of divine and universal Providence"-and so the pope's overlord. See Romilly Jenkins, Byzantium Byzantium, 259; Adso of Montier-en-Der, "Book of the Antichrist," translated by Bernard McGinn, Apocalyptic Spirituality Apocalyptic Spirituality, 85; and John Julius Norwich, Byzantium Byzantium, 2.

219 official papal doc.u.ments: official papal doc.u.ments: Gerbert, 305-371; Lattin also publishes lists of Gerbert's writings that are "not extant," but attested to by previous historians, and "spurious," 381-389. For letters quoted, see Gerbert, 316, 326, 333, 356, 313, 324 (emphasis added); Lattin defines "indiction years" on 306n. The story of Sophie's long quarrel with Bernward of Hildesheim is told by Roland Allen, "Gerbert, Pope Silvester II," 659; Pierre Riche, Gerbert, 305-371; Lattin also publishes lists of Gerbert's writings that are "not extant," but attested to by previous historians, and "spurious," 381-389. For letters quoted, see Gerbert, 316, 326, 333, 356, 313, 324 (emphasis added); Lattin defines "indiction years" on 306n. The story of Sophie's long quarrel with Bernward of Hildesheim is told by Roland Allen, "Gerbert, Pope Silvester II," 659; Pierre Riche, Les grandeurs de l'an mil Les grandeurs de l'an mil, 159; and Tschan (from Bernward's side), vol. 1, 162- 195. Tschan discusses Bernward's artwork in volumes 2 and 3.

224 Terrors of the Year 1000: Terrors of the Year 1000: The history of the idea is discussed in Michael Fra.s.setto, ed., The history of the idea is discussed in Michael Fra.s.setto, ed., The Year 1000 The Year 1000; Richard Landes, Andrew Gox, and David C. Van Meter, eds., The Apocalyptic Year 1000 The Apocalyptic Year 1000. Jane Schulenburg dates the "clear signs" charters in "Early Medieval Women, Prophecy, and Millennial Expectations," in Fra.s.setto, 246. See also Henri Focillon, The Year 1000 The Year 1000, 70, on the "timeless" quality of the Apocalypse.

225 Adso: Adso: Adso of Montier-en-Der, 89-96. Otto's chancellor and friend, Herbert of Koln, owned a copy. See also Focillon, 57; Benjamin Arnold, "Eschatological Imagination and the Program of Roman Imperial and Ecclesiastical Renewal at the End of the Tenth Century," in Landes et al., 272-276; and Daniel Verhelst, "Adso of Montier-en-Der and the Fear of the Year 1000," in Landes et al., 82-87. Adso of Montier-en-Der, 89-96. Otto's chancellor and friend, Herbert of Koln, owned a copy. See also Focillon, 57; Benjamin Arnold, "Eschatological Imagination and the Program of Roman Imperial and Ecclesiastical Renewal at the End of the Tenth Century," in Landes et al., 272-276; and Daniel Verhelst, "Adso of Montier-en-Der and the Fear of the Year 1000," in Landes et al., 82-87.

226 Gniezno: Gniezno: Thietmar of Merseburg, 182; for "the Anonymous Gaul," see Warner's notes, 184-185. Thietmar of Merseburg, 182; for "the Anonymous Gaul," see Warner's notes, 184-185.

226 Charlemagne's tomb: Charlemagne's tomb: Althoff, 104; Duckett, 133; Matthew Gabriele, "Otto III, Charlemagne, and Pentecost A.D. 1000," in Fra.s.setto, 111-123; Thietmar of Merseburg, 185. For Gerbert's reaction, see Riche, Althoff, 104; Duckett, 133; Matthew Gabriele, "Otto III, Charlemagne, and Pentecost A.D. 1000," in Fra.s.setto, 111-123; Thietmar of Merseburg, 185. For Gerbert's reaction, see Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac , 218. , 218.

228 "frenzied enemies": "frenzied enemies": Gerbert, 350. On the revolts, see Althoff, 119-129; Duckett, 133-136; Moehs, 87-88; and Riche, Gerbert, 350. On the revolts, see Althoff, 119-129; Duckett, 133-136; Moehs, 87-88; and Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 222- 227. "Are you not my Romans?" is recorded in The Life of Saint Bernward The Life of Saint Bernward , translated here from Riche in , translated here from Riche in Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 222. Otto's penance in Ravenna is reported by Brun of Querfurt, as quoted by Benjamin Arnold, "Eschatological Imagination and the Program of Roman Imperial and Ecclesiastical Renewal at the End of the Tenth Century," in Landes et al., 279-280; Riche quotes a version recorded by Peter Damian in Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 227.

Chapter XIII: The End of the World.

231 Princess Zoe: Princess Zoe: See John Julius Norwich, See John Julius Norwich, Byzantium Byzantium, 259, 269-310. Thietmar of Merseburg records Otto's death and succession, 187-189; the idea that his corpse was tied to a horse is an "embroidery" of later sources, says Gerd Althoff, Otto III Otto III, 129.