The Abacus And The Cross Part 13

232 "the black arts": "the black arts": William of Malmesbury, 279-289. David Rollo explains the literary allusion in William of Malmesbury, 279-289. David Rollo explains the literary allusion in Glamorous Sorcery Glamorous Sorcery, 3-20.

235 Gerbert died: Gerbert died: Roland Allen, "Gerbert, Pope Silvester II," 661, 664-668; Robert Favreau, "Le souvenir officiel: L'epitaphe de Silvestre II a Saint-Jean-de-Latran," in Olivier Guyotjeannin and Emmanuel Poulle, eds., Roland Allen, "Gerbert, Pope Silvester II," 661, 664-668; Robert Favreau, "Le souvenir officiel: L'epitaphe de Silvestre II a Saint-Jean-de-Latran," in Olivier Guyotjeannin and Emmanuel Poulle, eds., Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac Autour de Gerbert d'Aurillac, 336-341; and Pierre Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 232-233. Both Allen and Riche quote Canon Caesar Raspo's account of the opening of Gerbert's tomb in 1648.

236 "white mantle of churches": "white mantle of churches": Ralph the Bald, 115. The discovery of the second head of John the Baptist is told by Richard Landes in Ralph the Bald, 115. The discovery of the second head of John the Baptist is told by Richard Landes in Relics, Apocalypse, and the Deceits of History Relics, Apocalypse, and the Deceits of History, 47; he also details Ademar's forgeries and the riots over Saint Martial's relics, 269-279.

237 "relic jamborees": "relic jamborees": Landes, 47; he also cites Ademar of Chabanne's report of the collective pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 155. R. I. Moore, Landes, 47; he also cites Ademar of Chabanne's report of the collective pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 155. R. I. Moore, Formation of a Persecuting Society Formation of a Persecuting Society, points out the change from miserere n.o.bis miserere n.o.bis to to dona n.o.bis pacem dona n.o.bis pacem, 320.

238 heretics: heretics: Ralph the Bald, 139-151; Ademar of Chabannes in Landes, 128. A monk from Ripoll who was present at the burning, Landes adds, "wrote his abbot soon thereafter with the news," according to the Ralph the Bald, 139-151; Ademar of Chabannes in Landes, 128. A monk from Ripoll who was present at the burning, Landes adds, "wrote his abbot soon thereafter with the news," according to the Life of Gauzlin Life of Gauzlin . For the heretics' connection to Gerbert, see Moore, 12-15. On "The Condemnation of Aristotle's Books on Natural Philosophy in 1210 at Paris," see Edward Grant, . For the heretics' connection to Gerbert, see Moore, 12-15. On "The Condemnation of Aristotle's Books on Natural Philosophy in 1210 at Paris," see Edward Grant, A Source Book in Medieval Sciences A Source Book in Medieval Sciences, 42-43.

238 religious intolerance: religious intolerance: Ralph the Bald blames the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre on the Jews, 133-137, as does Ademar of Chabannes in Landes, 40. Moore quotes Guibert of Nogent's description of the ma.s.sacres of Jews, 28, and the general change in att.i.tude toward Jewish citizens, 28-30, 76-83. The rise of intolerance in Spain is chronicled by Maria Rosa Menocal, Ralph the Bald blames the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre on the Jews, 133-137, as does Ademar of Chabannes in Landes, 40. Moore quotes Guibert of Nogent's description of the ma.s.sacres of Jews, 28, and the general change in att.i.tude toward Jewish citizens, 28-30, 76-83. The rise of intolerance in Spain is chronicled by Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World The Ornament of the World, 96-103. She writes, "The old Andalusian order, with its political unity and cultural grandeur, exploded like a star," 100. On the importance of the filioque filioque in dividing East and West, see John Man, in dividing East and West, see John Man, Atlas of the Year 1000 Atlas of the Year 1000, 35; Norwich finds additional reasons, 315-322.

240 Gerbert's reputation: Gerbert's reputation: "great genius" is from Richer of Saint-Remy (before 998), vol. 2, 51. Helgaud of Fleury (c. 1041) and the son of Count Borrell are quoted by Riche, "great genius" is from Richer of Saint-Remy (before 998), vol. 2, 51. Helgaud of Fleury (c. 1041) and the son of Count Borrell are quoted by Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 202, 234. Sergius IV (c. 1009- 1012) is translated by Anna Marie Flusche, The Life and Legend of Gerbert of Aurillac The Life and Legend of Gerbert of Aurillac, 75. "Surpa.s.sed his contemporaries," is from Thietmar of Merseburg (1013-1018), 303. "Acutely intelligent" is from Ralph the Bald (writing before 1030), 27. "Happy the state" is from Sigebert of Gembloux (c. 1070-1100), quoted by Henry Mayr-Harting, Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany Church and Cosmos in Early Ottonian Germany, 60. "Among those s.h.i.+ning, shone exceedingly" is quoted by Landes, 312.

241 Beno: Beno: Allen traces the "dark legend of Gerbert" to Benno of Osnabruck and imputes to it a political reason, 664-668; as does Riche, Allen traces the "dark legend of Gerbert" to Benno of Osnabruck and imputes to it a political reason, 664-668; as does Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac , 10; see also Darlington, "Gerbert the Teacher," 462. I follow Flusche in spelling his name "Beno"; rather than the German Benno from Osnabruck, the author of the dark legend was more likely the Italian Beno, cardinal-priest of the Church of SS Martino e Silvestro in Rome. The two may also be the same person; see Flusche, 82-86. The first to record the "R to R to R" joke was Helgaud of Fleury in his , 10; see also Darlington, "Gerbert the Teacher," 462. I follow Flusche in spelling his name "Beno"; rather than the German Benno from Osnabruck, the author of the dark legend was more likely the Italian Beno, cardinal-priest of the Church of SS Martino e Silvestro in Rome. The two may also be the same person; see Flusche, 82-86. The first to record the "R to R to R" joke was Helgaud of Fleury in his Life of King Robert Life of King Robert; see Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 234.

241 Meridiana: Meridiana: Walter Map, Walter Map, De nugis curialium De nugis curialium, edited and translated by M. R. James, C. N. L. Brooke, and R. A. B. Mynors, 351-365.

242 Saracen philosopher: Saracen philosopher: William of Malmesbury, 279-289. William of Malmesbury, 279-289.

243 talking head: talking head: For Ibn Juljul's description, see Julio Samso, "Astrology, Pre-Islamic Spain, and the conquest of al-Andalus," in For Ibn Juljul's description, see Julio Samso, "Astrology, Pre-Islamic Spain, and the conquest of al-Andalus," in Islamic Astronomy and Medieval Spain Islamic Astronomy and Medieval Spain, Chap. 2, 86.

243 "best necromancer": "best necromancer": Michael Scot (c. 1175-1234), in Lynn Thorndike, Michael Scot (c. 1175-1234), in Lynn Thorndike, Michael Scot Michael Scot, 93-94.

243 Martin the Pole: Martin the Pole: Pascale Bourgain, "Silvestre II dans le Pascale Bourgain, "Silvestre II dans le Liber pontificalis Liber pontificalis," in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, 354-357.

244 Luther's disciples: Luther's disciples: Riche mentions the use of Gerbert's writing by the Protestants in his introduction to Gerbert's Riche mentions the use of Gerbert's writing by the Protestants in his introduction to Gerbert's Correspondance Correspondance, edited and translated (into French) by P. Riche and J.-P. Callu, xiv-xv; Riche discusses Cardinal Baronius in the same work, xvii-xix. See also Claude Grimmer, "Gerbert vu par le carme Geraud Vigier," in Guyotjeannin and Poulle, 358-360. Jules Michelet is quoted by Riche, Gerbert d'Aurillac Gerbert d'Aurillac, 13, and Les grandeurs de l'an mil Les grandeurs de l'an mil, 14.

247 "ancient chronicle": "ancient chronicle": Richard Erdoes, Richard Erdoes, A.D. 1000: Living on the Brink of Apocalypse A.D. 1000: Living on the Brink of Apocalypse , 1, 8. , 1, 8.

247 rediscover the Scientist Pope: rediscover the Scientist Pope: See Tim Roufs, "Inter-facing the Inevitable: Appropriate Technology in the 21st Century"; "Y1K: Web-Only Supplement to See Tim Roufs, "Inter-facing the Inevitable: Appropriate Technology in the 21st Century"; "Y1K: Web-Only Supplement to The Millennium Issue The Millennium Issue," Searcher Magazine Searcher Magazine, http://www.infotoday. com/searcher/jan00/y1k.htm.; Jay Ryan, "Gerbert d'Aurillac: Y1K's Science Guy," Sky & Telescope Sky & Telescope (February 2000): 38. See Pope John Paul II's letter at (February 2000): 38. See Pope John Paul II's letter at http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/speeches/1999/april. Also Keith Devlin's "The Mathematical Legacy of Islam," MAA On-line MAA On-line , , http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_0708_02.html; Kalpana Sahni's editorial from the Pakistan Daily Times Daily Times, October 21, 2006, http://dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C10%5C21%5Cstory_21-10-2006 _pg3_3; Pope Benedict XVI's message on the Year of Astronomy, http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/angelus/2008/doc.u.ments/hf_ben-xvi_ang_20081221_en.html.

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