The Future: six drivers of global change Part 130

69 "hosts and pathogens, the length of the transmission season, and the timing and intensity"

Union of Concerned Scientists, "Early Warning Signs of Global Warming: Spreading Disease," http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/impacts/early-warning-signs-of-global-9.html.

70 "epidemics could be characterized by high levels of sickness and death"

Ibid.

71 worst outbreak of West Nile virus

Thomas Maugh, "West Nile Outbreak Worst Ever, CDC Says," Los Angeles Times, September 5, 2012.

72 aerial spraying of the city for the first time since 1966

"Dallas West Nile Virus Outbreak Leads Texas City's Mayor to Approve Aerial Spraying," Huffington Post, August 15, 2012.

73 public safety officials issued an appeal

"Health Officials: No Need to Call 911 for Mosquito Bites," CBS DFW, August 24, 2012, http://dfw.cbslocal.com/2012/08/24/health-officials-no-need-to-call-911-for-mosquito-bites/.

74 The disease eventually spread

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "West Nile Virus," November 20, 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm.

75 "long-term extreme weather phenomena a.s.sociated with climate change"

Paul Epstein, "West Nile Virus and the Climate," Journal of Urban Health 78 (2001): 36771.

76 have been predicting the effects of climate change on West Nile

Christie Wilc.o.x, "Is Climate to Blame for This Year's West Nile Outbreak?," Scientific American, August 22, 2012.

77 hottest decade ever measured

NASA GISS, "2009: Second Warmest Year on Record; End of Warmest Decade," January 21, 2010, http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20100121/.

78 October 2012 was the 332nd month in a row

National Climatic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "State of the Climate: Global a.n.a.lysis, October 2012," http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2012/10.

79 toxins in corn and other crops unable to process nitrogen fertilizer

"After Drought Blights Crops, US Farmers Face Toxin Threats," Reuters, August 16, 2012.

80 a groundbreaking statistical a.n.a.lysis

James Hansen et al., "Perception of Climate Change," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, August 2012.

81 on only 0.1 to 0.2 percent of the Earth's surface

Ibid.

82 seasons that are way outside the boundary of the statistical range that used to prevail

Ibid.

83 frequency of extremely hot temperatures has gone up dramatically

Ibid.

84 temperatures will likely rise by 4 degrees C (7.2 degrees F)

Potsdam Inst.i.tute for Climate Impact Research and Climate a.n.a.lytics, Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4 Degree C Warmer World Must Be Avoided, Report for the World Bank, November 2012, http://climatechange.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/Turn_Down_the_heat_Why_a_4_degree_centrigrade_warmer_world_must_be_avoided.pdf.

85 "no certainty that adaptation to a 4 degree C world is possible"