Helps to Latin Translation at Sight Part 77

Thus in 'I will do this, _if_ you do,' the _if_ clause is equivalent to the adverb _conditionally_.

They are generally divided into EIGHT cla.s.ses:--

(1) FINAL introduce a clause expressing a _purpose_.

ut, quo ... _that_, _in order to_.

ne, quominus ... _that not_, _lest_.

qui ... _who_ (= ut is ...).

_Edo +ut+ vivam._ _+Ne+ ignavum te putemus, fort.i.ter pugna._ _Pauci mihi sunt +quos+ mittam._

(2) CONSECUTIVE introduce a clause expressing a _consequence_ or _result_.

ut ... _so that_, _so as to_.

ut non, quin ... _so as not to_.

qui ... _who (of such a kind as to...)_.

Ex.: _Tam fortis adest nemo ut solus muros ascendat._ _Tam fortis est +ut+ hostes +non+ timeat._ _Dignus erat +qui+ rex fieret._

(3) TEMPORAL.

c.u.m, quando ... _when_.

ubi?, ut ... _when_, _as_.

simul, simul atque (ac) ... _as soon as_.

postquam ... _after that_.

dum, donec, quoad ... _until_, _as long as_, _while_.

prius ... quam, ante ... quam ... _before that_.

_Discedere +prius+ noluit +quam+ ducem vidisset._ _Pompeius +ut+ equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit._

(4) CONDITIONAL.

si, nisi? (ni), si non, quod si ... _if_, _unless_, _if not_, _but if_.

modo, dummodo, si modo ... _if only_, _provided that_.

dummodo ne (dum ne, modo ne) ... _provided only not_.

_Ne promiseris unquam +nisi+ fidem praestare potes._ _Never promise +if+ you cannot keep your word._

(5) COMPARATIVE AND PROPORTIONAL.

ut, uti, sicut, velut ... _just as_, _as_.

tanquam, quasi ... _as if_.

quo ... eo ... _the more ... the more_.

_Poenas dedit +sicut+ meritus est._ _E corpore +velut+ e carcere, evolat animus._ The soul flies forth from the prison-house of the body.

_+quo+ difficilius +eo+ praeclarius._

(6) CONCESSIVE.

etsi, etiamsi, tametsi ... _even if_.

quamquam ... _although_.

quamvis, quamlibet ... _however much_.

licet, ut, c.u.m ... _though_, _although_.

_+c.u.m+ liber esse posset, servire maluit._

(7) CAUSAL.

quia, quod, quoniam, quando ... _because_.

c.u.m ... _since_.

propterea ... quod ... _for this reason ... that_.

quandoquidem, quippe ... _since indeed_, _inasmuch as_.

_Quae +c.u.m+ ita sint, ab urbe discedam._ _Socrates accusatus est +quod+ iuventutem corrumperet._

(8) INTERROGATIVE (with dependent clauses).

cur, utrum ... an, num ... _why_, _whether ... or_, _if_.

quemadmodum, ut ... _how_.

ubi?, quando ... _when_.

_Caesar +utrum+ iure caesus fuerit, +an+ nefarie necatus, dubitari potest._ _Whether_ Caesar was rightfully put to death, +or+ foully murdered, is open to question.

APPENDIX II

LIST OF IMPORTANT PREFIXES

+I. PREPOSITIONS.+--In these compounds the Prepositions retain their original adverbial force.

A-, AB-, ABS-, = _away_, _from_ (of the starting-place)

(i) = _separation._

abire = _go away_.

abscedere = _go away_.

avocare = _call away_.

(ii) = _consumption._ absumere = _take away_, _consume_.

abuti = _use up_.

AD-, AC-, A-, = to (of a person, place, or thing, as the goal of motion).

(i) = _to_, _at_ (local).

accedere = _approach_.

adfari = _speak to_.

(ii) = _in addition._ acquirere = _get in addition_.